tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25919887438396026642024-02-22T04:56:42.574-08:00Iphink's BlogIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.comBlogger113125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-87221101890985785232019-03-19T20:00:00.004-07:002019-03-19T20:00:49.227-07:00Makalah kebersihan lingkungan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala
puji bagi Allah yang telah menciptakan makhluk yang serba indah. Dengan rahmat
dan hidayah-Nya saya dapat menyusun makalah ini, yang semoga dapat memberikan
manfaat dan kontribusi yang besar bagi seluruh masyarakat. Makalah ini saya
susun dengan tema “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Menjaga Lingkungan </i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agar Tetap
Bersih</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”, yang merupakan salah satu faktor yang
paling penting dalam proses pembentukan kehidupan manusia yang merupakan salah
satu elemen kehidupan. Kebersihan lingkungan terbentuk dari unsur kata, yaitu
bersih dan lingkungan bersih yaitu bebas dari segala macam kotoran, polusi dan
bibit penyakit. Sedangkan lingkungan yaitu tempat hidup masyarakat. Dengna
demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebersihan lingkungan yaitu tempat hidup
masyarakat jauh dari kotoran, polusi, dan bibit penyakit. Sudah sewajarnya,
jika dalam makalah ini terdapat kesalahan, baik itu kesalahan bahasa, penulisan
dan penyajian. Oleh karena itu kami sebagai penyusun memohon maaf yang
sebesar-besarnya kepada seluruh pembaca. Dan saya sangat mengharapkan saran dan
kritik para pembaca dalam menyempurnakan makalah ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Majene</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 24</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Desember 201</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
Penulis<span style="color: white;">l (akhlak</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">);</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1 PENDAHULUAN<u style="text-underline: dotted;"> </u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span>2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 2 PEMBAHASAN<u style="text-underline: dotted;"> </u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian sampah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Tempat Sampah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak
Positif dan Negatif yang di timbulkan oleh TPA terhadap lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengelola sampah-sampah yang ada di TPA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentingnya
Membuang Sampah pada Tempatnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................. </span>6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Budaya Membuang Sampah pada Tempanya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................... </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab
Perilaku Membuang Sampah Sembarangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................. </span>7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metoda Pembuangan sampah</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>8</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 3 PENTUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................................... </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center dotted 382.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTARPUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar belakang</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Lingkungan merupakan tempat dimana manusia hidup, yang mana
merupakan salah satu elemen kehidupan. Lingkungan merupakan salah satu faktor
yang dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia. Lingkungan dapat mewarnai segala
aktifitas kehidupan manusia, mulai dari gaya hidup, cara berprilaku, pola
pikir, bahkan kepribadian. Di dalam lingkungan dimana manusia hidup terdiri
dari berbagai elemen, yang merupakan faktor pembentuk lingkungan, diantaranya
yaitu, masyarakat. Masyarakat merupakan kumpulan dari berbagai individu manusia
yang saling berinteraksi dan mempunyai suatu tujuan tertentu. Interaksi antar
individu tersebut mengakibatkan suatu hubungan kekerabatan yang dapat dijadikan
suatu sarana komunikasi dalam rangka membentuk suatu himpunan kemasyarakatan.
Lingkungan merupakan tempat hidup manusia. Oleh karena itu sudah sepatutnya
jika menjadikan lingkungan tempat tinggal menjadi senyaman mungkin, sehingga
dapat menimbulkan suatu keselarasan bagi individu yang mendiaminya. Salah satu
cara untuk menjaga kenyamanan lingkungan yaitu dengan cara mencanangkan dan
memprioritaskan kebersihan, baik itu kebersihan individu maupun kebersihan
lingkungan tempat tinggal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan masalah</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Apakah pengertian lingkungan,kebersihan,dan
kebersihan lingkungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Bagaimana cara menjaga agar lingkungan tetap
bersih?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Apakah manfaat dari menjaga kebersihan
lingkungan?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Bagaimana dampaknya jika tidak menjaga kebersihan
lingkungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini
yaitu untuk memberikan suatu informasi atau sedikit pengetahuan kepada khalayak
luas tentang arti kebersihan lingkungan, serta memperluas cakrawala pemikiran
para pembaca dalam menanggapi kebesrihan lingkungan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang harus diprioritaskan dengan
baik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Lingkungan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah kombinasi antara kondisi
fisik yang mencakup keadaan sumber daya alam seperti </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_surya" title="Energi surya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi surya</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mineral</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, serta flora dan fauna yang tumbuh
di atas tanah maupun di dalam lautan, dengan kelembagaan yang meliputi ciptaan
manusia seperti keputusan bagaimana menggunakan lingkungan fisik tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan terdiri dari komponen </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotik" title="Abiotik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">abiotik</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotik" title="Biotik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biotik</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Komponen abiotik adalah segala
yang tidak bernyawa seperti tanah, udara, air, iklim, kelembaban, cahaya,
bunyi. Sedangkan komponen biotik adalah segala sesuatu yang bernyawa seperti
tumbuhan, hewan, manusia dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro-organisme" title="Mikro-organisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikro-organisme</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (virus dan bakteri).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu yang mempelajari lingkungan
adalah ilmu lingkungan atau </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ekologi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ilmu lingkungan adalah cabang dari
ilmu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biologi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara khusus, kita sering
menggunakan istilah lingkungan hidup untuk menyebutkan segala sesuatu yang
berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup segenap makhluk hidup di bumi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun berdasarkan UU No. 23 Tahun
1997, lingkungan hidup adalah kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda dan kesatuan
makhluk hidup termasuk di dalamnya manusia dan perilakunya yang melangsungkan
perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk hidup lainnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbicara mengenai lingkungan, erat
kaitannya dengan individu. Individu adalah unsur tunggal makhluk hidup.
Mengingat tidak ada makhluk hidup yang mampu hidup sendiri, maka individu
tersebut membentuk sebuah kelompok untuk mempertahankan hidupnya masing-masing.
Karena sebuah kelompok yang sejenis, tidak akan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya
sendiri. Masing-masing kelompok membutuhkan kelompok dengan jenis lain yang
berbeda. Maka kelompok tersebut akan membentuk sebuah ekosistem yang mampu
menyeimbangkan kelangsungan hidup mereka.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem adalah hubungan timbal
balik antara makhluk hidup dan makhluk tak hidup terhadap lingkungannya. Setiap
ekosistem tersusun atas individu yang beda jenis untuk saling berinteraksi.
Dengan cara inilah makhluk hidup dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya dengan
masing-masing komponen yang dimilikinya yang membantunya mempertahankan hidup. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Kebersihan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah keadaan bebas dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoran" title="Kotoran"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kotoran</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, termasuk di antaranya, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">debu</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah" title="Sampah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sampah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bau</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di zaman modern, setelah </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Louis Pasteur</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menemukan proses penularan penyakit
atau infeksi disebabkan oleh </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroba" title="Mikroba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroba</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, kebersihan juga bererti bebas dari
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">virus</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteria</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">patogen</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_kimia" title="Bahan kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahan kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berbahaya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan adalah salah satu tanda
dari keadaan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygene&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hygene (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hygene</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang baik. Manusia perlu menjaga
kebersihan lingkungan dan kebersihan diri agar sehat, tidak berbau, tidak malu,
tidak menyebarkan kotoran, atau menularkan kuman penyakit bagi diri sendiri
maupun orang lain. Kebersihan badan meliputi kebersihan diri sendiri, seperti </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi" title="Mandi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mandi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gosok_gigi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gosok gigi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gosok
gigi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencuci_tangan" title="Mencuci tangan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mencuci tangan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan memakai </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaian" title="Pakaian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pakaian</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang bersih.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencuci adalah salah satu cara
menjaga kebersihan dengan menggunakan air dan sejenis </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sabun</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detergen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Detergen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">detergen</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencuci_tangan_dengan_sabun" title="Mencuci tangan dengan sabun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mencuci tangan
dengan sabun</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
atau menggunakan produk kebersihan tangan merupakan cara terbaik dalam mencegah
penularan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">influenza</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan batuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat kebersihan berbeda-beda
menurut tempat dan kegiatan yang dilakukan manusia.Contohnya, kebersihan di </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah" title="Rumah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rumah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berbeda dengan kebersihan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruang_bedah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ruang bedah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ruang
bedah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
di rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Kebersihan Lingkungan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan lingkungan adalah
kebersihan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah" title="Rumah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tempat tinggal</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tempat bekerja, dan tempat
awam.Kebersihan tempat tinggal dilakukan dengan cara mengelap </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap" title="Tingkap"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tingkap</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan perabot rumah,menyapu dan
mengemop </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lantai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lantai (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lantai</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mencuci </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alat_masak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alat masak (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peralatan
masak</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_makan" title="Alat makan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peralatan makan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, membersihkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilik_mandi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bilik mandi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bilik
mandi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamban" title="Jamban"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamban</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, serta membuang </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah" title="Sampah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sampah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kebersihan lingkungan dimulakan
dengan menjaga kebersihan halaman dan membersihkan jalan di depan rumah
daripada sampah.Kebersihan lingkungan meliputi : kebersihan di lingkungan keluarga,
kebersihan di lingungan sekolah,kebersihan di lingkungan kerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebersihan di
Lingkungan Keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan keluarga
adanya di rumah, maka rumah merupakan tempat yang harus diutamakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
penerapan perilaku hidup bersih. Rumah merupakan tempat tinggal keluarga yang
harus dijaga kebersihannya. Apabila rumah bersih, maka penghuni rumah tersebut
akan terjaga kesehatannya. Sebaliknya apabila rumah tersebut tidak bersih, maka
yang bertempat tinggal di dalam rumah tersebut tidak terjaga kesehatannya.
Bahkan sangat rawan terkena penyakit. Penyakit yang diakibatkan kurangnya
menjaga kebersihan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melaksanakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kegiata tersebut, maka rumah yang kalian jadikan tempat tinggal akan terjaga
kebersihannya. Itu berarti rumah kalian terjaga dari penyakit dan kuman-kuman.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan
di Lingkungan Sekolah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering kita melihat sampah berserakan di lingkungan sekolah.
Padahal setiap kelas sudah disiapkan tempat sampah, apa kenyataannya? Masih
banyak siswa yang membuang sampah sembarangan, oleh karena itu dapat
menyebabkan lingkungan di sekitar kita menjadi kotor, kumuh, dan penuh dengan
sampah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai pelajar,
sekolah merupakan lingkungan kedua setelah rumah yang sering kita tempati.
Jadi, lingkungan sekolah berbeda dengan lingkungan rumah, karena yang berada di
lingkungan sekolah bukan keluarga. Tetapi seluruh siswa dari semua tingkatan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut hal-hal yang
harus dilakukan untuk menjaga kebersihan sekolah :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1)
Melaksanakan tugas piket.<br />
2) Membuang sampah pada tempatnya.<br />
3) Tidak mengotori fasilitas sekolah.<br />
4) Memakan makanan atau jajanan yang bersihdan sehat.<br />
5) Mengadakan JUMSIH (Jum’at Bersih) yang dilaksanakan oleh
seluruh masyarakat sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> melakuan
kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut, maka kalian telah melakukan perilaku hidup bersih.
Berperilaku hidup bersih di lingkungan sekolah berarti kita telah menjaga
kualitas kesehatan dan kenyamanan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan belajar mengajar
di sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan di lingkungan kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan lingkungan kerja sangat terkait dengan program
sistim manajemen lingkungan. Dengan tempat kerja yang bersih berarti di lokasi
kerja terbebas dari sampah-sampah, sehingga setiap pekerja merasa nyaman dalam
bekerja.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam istilah 5 S, kegiatan pembersihan termasuk dalam
kegiatan inspeksi, karena pada saat melakukan kegiatan kebersihan berarti
melakukan pengontrolan terhadap barang-barang yang tidak dipergunakan di tempat
kerja. Tujuan jangka panjang dari kegiatan ini adalah meminimalkan terjadinya
kesalahan-kesalahan kecil yang bisa mengganggu proses produksi, sehingga
kualitas produk yang dihasilkan tetap terjaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah
yang dapat menunjang kebersihan tempat kerja adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan merupakan tanggung
jawab seluruh karyawan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan kegiatan pembersihan
tempat kerja 3 menit setiap hari.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seluruh karyawan adalah petugas
kebersihan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersihkan setiap tempat
walaupun jarang digunakan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasakan kebersihan merupakan
inspeksi awal untuk menemukan kesalahan-kesalahan kecil.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menjaga kebersihan tempat
kerja, hal yang perlu dilakukan adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan
penanggung jawab kebersihan untuk setiap bagian</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan
apa saja yang perlu dibersihkan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patuhi
aturan yang telah disepakati.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Menjaga Kebersihan Lingkungan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita
harus tahu tentang manfaat menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, karena menjaga
kebersihan lingkungan sangatlah berguna untuk kita semua karena dapat
menciptakan kehidupan yang aman, bersih, sejuk dan sehat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Manfaat
menjaga kebersihan lingkungan antara lain:<br />
1. Terhindar dari penyakit yang disebabkan lingkungan yang tidak sehat.<br />
2. Lingkungan menjadi lebih sejuk.<br />
3. Bebas dari polusi udara.<br />
4. Air menjadi lebih bersih dan aman untuk di minum.<br />
5. Lebih tenang dalam menjalankan aktifitas sehari hari.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masih banyak
lagi manfaat menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, maka dari itu kita harus menyadari
akan pentingnya kebersihan lingkungan mulai dari rumah kita sendiri misalnya
rajin menyapu halaman rumah, rajin membersihkan selokan rumah kita, membuang
sampah pada tempatnya, pokoknya masih banyak lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan akan lebih baik jika semua
orang sadar dan bertanggungjawab akan kebersihan lingkungan, karena hal itu
harus ditanamkan sejak dini, di sekolah pun kita diajarkan untuk selalu hidup
bersih. Di agama islam pun kita di ajarkan untuk selalu hidup bersih, karena
kebersihan adalah sebagaian dari iman.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan lingkungan merupakan
keadaan bebas dari kotoran, termasuk di dalamnya, debu, sampah, dan bau. Di
Indonesia, masalah kebersihan lingkungan selalu menjadi perdebatan dan masalah
yang berkembang. Kasus-kasus yang menyangkut masalah kebersihan lingkungan
setiap tahunnya terus meningkat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem tentang kebersihan
lingkungan yang tidak kondusif dikarenakan masyarakat selalu tidak sadar akan
hal kebersihan lingkungan. Tempat pembuangan kotoran tidak dipergunakan dan
dirawat dengan baik. Akibatnya masalah diare, penyakit kulit, penyakit usus,
penyakit pernafasan dan penyakit lain yang disebabkan air dan udara sering
menyerang golongan keluarga ekonomi lemah. Berbagai upaya pengembangan
kesehatan anak secara umum pun menjadi terhambat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lalu Bagaimana tips Mudah untuk
menjaga kebersihan lingkungan ?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tips dan Trik yang mudah, tepat dan
efektif menyadarkan masyarakat Indonesia untuk.selalu menjaga kebersihan
lingkungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut Tips dan trik menjaga
kebersihan lingkungan:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimulai dari diri sendiri dengan cara memberi contoh kepada
masyarakat bagaimana menjaga kebersihan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selalu Libatkan tokoh masyarakat yang berpengaruh untuk
memberikan pengarahan kepada masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sertkan para pemuda untuk ikut aktif menjaga kebersihan
lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbanyak tempat sampah di sekitar lingkungan anda;</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pekerjakan petugas kebersihan lingkungan dengan memberi
imbalan yang sesuai setiap bulannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sosialisakan kepada masyarakat untuk terbiasa memilah sampah
rumah tangga menjadi sampah organik dan non organik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelajari teknologi pembuatan kompos dari sampah organik agar
dapat dimanfaatkan kembali untuk pupuk;</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kreatif, Dengan
membuat souvenir atau kerajinan tangan dengan memanfaatkan sampah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atur jadwal untuk kegiatan kerja bakti membersihkan
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semoga
bermanfaat dan lingkungan anda menjadi bersih, nyaman dan sehat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Buruk Dari Tidak </span></strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjaga</span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kebersihan Lingkungan.</span></strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Terdapat
banyak sekali dampak buruk yang bisa diakibatkan oleh kondisi lingkungan yang
tidak sehat dan dampak-dampak buruk itu sendiri bisa terkait dengan banyak hal.
Sebagai contoh, kebiasaan sebagian besar masyarakat saat ini yang selalu menggunakan
kendaraan bahkan dalam melakukan perjalanan yang jaraknya relatif dekat telah
menimbulkan polusi udara yang tentu membuat udara yang ada di lingkungan
menjadi tidak sehat.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak
sehatnya udara tentu merupakan suatu kondisi yang buruk mengingat semua anggota
masyarakat memerlukan udara untuk bernafas sehari-harinya dan udara yang tidak
sehat tentu akan menjadikan siapa saja yang menghirupnya menjadi tidak
sehat.Hal tersebut, tentu saja, bukanlah satu-satunya dampak buruk dari
lingkungan yang tidak sehat.Selain udara tidak sehat yang terdapat di
lingkungan kita, air yang tidak sehat juga telah menjadi problema besar di
berbagai wilayah saat ini. Tidak sehatnya air yang ada di lingkungan saat ini
bisa disebabkan oleh banyak hal seperti limbah pabrik dan industri yang
mencemari sungai-sungai, limbah deterjen yang berasal dari rumah-rumah
penduduk, dan masih banyak lagi.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dampak buruk
dari tidak sehatnya air sendiri ada banyak sekali mengingat air merupakan salah
satu elemen paling penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Bagaimana tidak, jika
air yang ada di lingkungan tercemar, itu berarti bahwa masyarakat akan
senantiasa meminum air yang tercemar, memasak menggunakan air yang tercemar,
serta mencuci dan mandi dengan air yang tercemar pula.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">Tak hanya
disebabkan oleh tidak sehatnya udara dan air yang ada di lingkungan, lingkungan
yang tidak sehat juga bisa diakibatkan oleh tidak sehatnya tanah. Limbah cair
yang langsung dibuang ke tanah seperti sisa-sisa pengolahan produk industri,
oli, serta limbah padat seperti plastik, bungkus makanan, serta kaleng dan
botol minuman telah terbukti menjadi salah satu dari penyebab utama pencemaran
tanah.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">Tercemarnya
tanah tentu berdampak sangat buruk bagi lingkungan dan masyarakat mengingat
tercemarnya tanah bisa berakibat pada tidak sehatnya buah serta sayuran yang
ditanam diatas tanah tersebut dan terlebih lagi, jika tanah tidak sehat, maka
air tanah pun akan turut menjadi tidak sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai Bukti Dampak Buruk Lingkungan yang Tidak Sehat.</span></strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Bagaimana lingkungan yang tidak sehat dapat mendatangkan berbagai
dampak buruk bagi masyarakat tentu bukanlah suatu isapan jempol semata.
Bagaimana tidak, sampai saat ini, telah ada berbagai bukti akan hal
tersebut.Salah satunya yaitu fakta yang menunjukkan bahwa setiap tahunnya,
terdapat kurang lebih 3 juta anak yang kehilangan nyawa mereka karena diare
sebagai akibat dari tidak adanya air yang bersih serta penanganan yang buruk<br />
terhadap penyakit yang menyerang mereka. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">Bukan itu saja, di banyak negara berkembang, keracunan yang disebabkan
oleh penggunaan pestisida mempengaruhi kurang lebih 3,5 – 5 juta orang dan
tentu saja, itu bukan jumlah yang sedikit.Selain itu, meninggalnya sekitar
empat juta anak karena infeksi pernafasan yang disebabkan oleh kualitas buruk
dari berbagai jenis mesin juga turut menjadi salah satu bukti dampak buruk
tidak sehatnya lingkungan terhadap masyarakat yang tinggal di lingkungan
tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keberihan merupakan komponen terpenting
bagi manusia yang harus dijaga dengan baik. Dengan demikian akan tercipta suatu
keselarasan. Kebersihan merupakan sebagian dari iman seseorang. Oleh karena itu
marilah kita menjaga kebersihan dengan baik. Lingkungan yang bersih menjauhkan
diri kita dari berbagai macampenyakit, dengan demikian kita akan menjadi
manusia yang sehat, dan di dalam diri manusia yang sehat terdapat akal yang
sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kesadaran individu begitu
penting untuk menjalankan perubahan kebersihan pada lingkungan baik lingkungan alam
maupun lingkungan sosial. Namun mayoritas para masyarakat masih baru
berantusias dalam signifikan yang berada di satu aspek saja. Dan para warga
setuju dengan harus adanya cara-cara yang dilakukan dalam
memberikan alternatif untuk lebih dapat meyadarkan masyarakat tentang
nilai kebersihan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pembuatan makalah ini, saya
selaku penyusun menyarankan agar kebersihan lingkungan hendaknya dilakukan oleh
seluruh individu masyarakat. Karena jika tidak ada kerjasama yang baik, maka
kerbersihan lingkungan tidak akan terwujud. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan,
membuat segalanya dapat menjadi riset mengenai kebersihan yang ada dan
sebaiknya pemerintah memberikan masukan dan kebijakan yang tegas dan tepat
untuk membuat perubahan–perubahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Effendi, Onong, U. 2002. <i>Dinamika
Komunikasi</i>. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalaluddin, Rahmat. 2001.<i>
Psikologi Komunikasi</i>. Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sugiyono. 2003.<i> Metode Penelitian
Administrasi</i>. Bandung: Alfabet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bungin, Burhan. 2008.. <i>Metode
Penelitian Kuantitatif</i>. Jakarta: Kencana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasution S. 2003. <i>Metode
Research; Penelitian Ilmiah</i>, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jujun, Surya Sumantri. 2002. <i>Filsafat
Ilmu</i>. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-15523454147918805102019-03-19T19:59:00.002-07:002019-03-19T19:59:18.448-07:00Makalah Konservasi Air<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I</b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar Belakang</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang
memiliki fungsi sangat penting bagi kehidupan seluruh makhluk hidup, termasuk
manusia. Air merupakan asal muasal dari segala macam bentuk kehidupan di planet
bumi ini. Dari air bermula kehidupan dan karena air peradaban tumbuh dan
berkembang. Tanpa air, berbagai proses kehidupan tidak dapat berlangsung,
sehingga penyediaan air baku untuk kebutuhan domestik, irigasi dan industri
menjadi menjadi perhatian dan prioritas utama. Karena itulah Perserikatan
Bangsa Bangsa (PBB) mendeklarasikan bahwa air merupakan hak azasi manusia;
artinya, setiap manusia di muka bumi ini mempunyai hak dasar yang sama terhadap
pemakaian air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
merupakan sumber daya alam yang mempunyai banyak manfaat untuk mewujudkan
kesejahteraan bagi rakyat Indonesia. Dalam UUD 1945 pasal 33 ayat 3 dijelaskan
bahwa sumber daya air merupakan bagian dari kekayaan alam yang dikuasai oleh
negara dan dipergunakan untuk kemakmuran rakyat Indonesia. Negara Indonesia
sendiri mempunyai ketersediaan air yang melimpah dibandingkan negara- negara
yang berada di benua Afrika, tetapi masih banyak masyarakat Indonesia yang
kekurangan air dan harus berjalan berkilo- kilo meter untuk mendapatkan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
pengelolaan sumber daya air sudah di atur dalam konstitusi negara, akan tetapi
tingkat kesadaran Indonesia dalam menghargai sumber daya air masih kurang.
Untuk itu, penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia untuk mengetahui tentang
konservasi sumber daya air agar ketersediaan air yang ada dapat digunakan
dengan optimal dan terjaga kelestariaannya. Berikut adalah penjelasan mengenai
pengertian, tujuan dan contoh kegiatan konservasi sumber daya air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada sisi lain penyediaan air yang
dibutuhkan bagi kegiatan rumah tangga, perkotaan dan industri sering
mendapatkan gangguan secara kuantitas – dalam arti terjadinya penurunan debit
air baku akibat terjadinya pembukaan lahan-lahan baru bagi pemukiman baru di
daerah hulu yang berakibat pada pengurangan luas catchment area sebagai sumber
penyedia air baku. Disamping itu, secara kualitas penyediaan air baku sering
tidak memenuhi standar karena adanya pencemaran air sungai oleh limbah rumah
tangga, perkotaan, dan industri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempertimbangkan
hal-hal tersebut, maka sumber daya air merupakan sumber daya alam yang sangat
vital bagi hidup dan kehidupan makhluk serta sangat strategis bagi pembangunan
perekonomian, menjaga kesatuan dan ketahanan nasional sehingga harus dikelola
secara terpadu, bijaksana, dan professional.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rumusan Masalah</b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang di atas, masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konservasi Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Konservasi Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus Hidrologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan Konservasi Air dan
Hidrologi Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
Konservasi Tanah dan Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konservasi
Air</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penghematan air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">konservasi air</span> adalah
perilaku yang disengaja dengan tujuan mengurangi penggunaan air segar, melalui
metode teknologi atau perilaku sosial. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konservasi Air</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usaha konservasi air bertujuan
untuk: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan" title="Keseimbangan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Keseimbangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Untuk menjamin ketersediaan untuk generasi masa
depan, pengurangan air segar dari sebuah ekosistem tidak akan melewati
nilai penggantian alamiahnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghematan_energi" title="Penghematan energi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penghematan
energi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Pemompaan air, pengiriman, dan fasilitas pengolahan air limbah
mengonsumsi energi besar. Di beberapa daerah di dunia (contohnya, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">California</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)<sup><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservasi_air#cite_note-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></a></sup>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konservasi_habitat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Konservasi habitat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konservasi habitat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Penggunaan air oleh manusia
yang diminimalisir untuk membantu mengamankan simpanan sumber </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bersih" title="Air bersih"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air bersih</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk habitat liar lokal dan penerimaan migrasi aliran
air, termasuk usaha-usaha baru pembangunan waduk dan infrastruktur
berbasis air lain (pemeliharaan yang lama).</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konservasi
air melibatkan peran serta aktif dari masyarakat dan menjadi tanggung jawab
pemerintah, pemerintah daerah serta pengelola sumber daya air wilayah sungai
dan masyarakat. Upaya untuk konservasi air adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menata ulang tata kota agar berbasis ekologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat “rumah” untuk cacing tanah. Rumah itu disebut
dengan biopori atau pori-pori hidup di dalam tanah. Cacing tanah adalah
organisme dari kelas oligochaeta yang mampu menembus tanah hingga kedalaman 8
m. Dengan membuat satu rumah cacing, paling tidak kita akan mendapatkan
sebidang tanah yang pori-porinya cukup ramah untuk menerima limpasan air hujan
dan menyimpannya pada kedalaman yang lebih dalam. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
menanggulangi kelangkaan air pada musim kemarau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melakukan upaya konservasi air dengan cara menampung
atau menyimpan air pada saat berlebih untuk digunakan pada saat dibutuhkan
(kemarau) terutama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk pemenuhan
kebutuhan domestik (seperti desa saya-Waimana-Larantuka- Flores Timur)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembangunan waduk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjaga kelestarian sawah sebagai preservasi air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memulai program pengijauan pada lahan kosong</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan teknologi Biogas guna mengurangi risiko
polusi sungai dan sumber air oleh kegiatan peternakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendaur ulang air limbah atau Curieau atau disebut
juga Aqua Industrial Water Treatment.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrologi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrologi
adalah Cabang ilmu Geografi yang mempelajari seputar pergerakan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan kualitas air yang ada dibumi.
Ilmu Hidrologi dikenal sejak zaman 1608 M. Hidrologi merupakan ilmu yang
mengkaji kehadiran dan pergerakan air dibumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hidrologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> juga bermanfaat lebih lanjut bagi teknik lingkungan,
kebijakan lingkungan, serta perencanaan. Hidrologi juga mempelajari perilaku
hujan terutama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> periode ulang curah hujan karena berkaitan dengan
perhitungan banjir serta rencana untuk setiap bangunan teknik sipil antara lain
bendung, bendungan dan jembatan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus Hidrologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus
Hidrologi - Sikl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s Hidrologi adalah sirkulasi atau
perputaran air yang berkesinambungan dari atmosfer ke bumi dan kembali lagi ke
atmosfer melalui proses kondensasi, presipitasi, evaporasi, dan transpirasi.
Siklus hidrologi secara lebih lebih sederhana yaitu peredaran air dari laut ke
atmosfer melalui penguapan, kemudian akan jatuh kembali pada permukaan bumi
dalam bentuk hujan, kemudian mengalir didalam tanah dan diatas permukaan tanah
sebagai sungai yang menuju ke laut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus
hidrologi (Hydrologic Sycle) merupakan peredaran air dibumi melalui udara,
permukaan tanah maupun lapisan dibawah permukaan tanah dan ini bisa berlangsung
berkat ketersediannya sumber energi matahari, komponen-komponen utama dari
bagian siklus hidrologi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Penguapan (Evapo-transpirasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Curah hujan (Precipitasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Limpasan permukaan (Surface Run
Off).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Resapan (Infiltrasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panasnya
air laut serta didukung oleh pancaran sinar matahari, yang mana matahari
merupakan kunci sukses dari siklus hidrologi untuk mampu bersirkulasi secara
terus menerus dalam proses terjadinya penguapan air /evaporasi, yang kemudian
akan jatuh ke bumi karena prespitasi dalam bentuk hujan, salju, hujan es, kabut
dan sebagainya. Prespitasi juga dikenal sebagai satu kelas dalam hidrometeor,
yang merupakan fenomena atmosferik) adalah setiap produk dari kondensasi uap
air di atmosfer. Ia terjadi ketika atmosfer (yang merupakan suatu larutan gas
raksasa) menjadi jenuh dan air kemudian terkondensasi dan keluar dari larutan
tersebut (terpresipitasi). Udara menjadi jenuh melalui dua proses, pendinginan
atau penambahan uap air.). Presipitasi adalah salah satu komponen utama dalam
siklus air, dan merupakan sumber utama air tawar di planet ini. Diperkirakan
sekitar 505.000 km³ air jatuh sebagai presipitasi setiap tahunnya, 398,000 km³
diantaranya jatuh di lautan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila
didasarkan pada luasan permukaan Bumi, presipitasi tahunan global adalah
sekitar 1 m, dan presipitasi tahunan rata-rata di atas lautan sekitar 1,1 m.
Setelah prespitasi, pada perjalanannya ke bumi akan berevaporasi kembali keatas
atau langsung diintersepsi ( proses ketika air hujan jatuh pada permukaan vegetasi
di atas permukaan tanah, tertahan beberapa saat untuk kemudian diuapkan kembali
ke atmosfer atau diserap oleh vegetasi yang bersangkutan. ) oleh tanaman disaat
sebelum mencapai tanah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan Air Hidrologi Tanah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrologi
Air Tanah Hidrologi air tanah adalah cabang hidrologi yang berhubungan dengan
air tanah dan didefinisikan sebagai ilmu tentang keterdapatan, penyebaran, dan
pergerakan air di bawah permukaan bumi. Geohidrologi mempunyai mempunyai makna
yang sama dan hidrogeologi dibedakan hanya oleh penekanannya yang lebih besar
pada aspek kegeologian (Todd, 1980, h,1). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh sebab
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">itu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
uraian mengenai air tanah tidak akan lepas dari ilmu hidrologi, mulai dari
kejadian air tanah, hingga pergerakan air tanah, sampai akhirnya mencapai lajur
jenuh di dalam akuifer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daur
Hidrologi Hampir semua air tanah merupakan komponen dalam daur hidrologi,
termasuk air permukaan dan atmospheric waters (uap air). Sebagian kecil air
tanah dapat masuk ke dalam daur ini dari masing-masing sumbernya (Todd dan
Mays, 2005). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daur
Tertutup Hujan yang jatuh ke bumi baik langsung menjadi aliran maupun tidak
langsung melalui vegetasi atau media lainnya akan membentuk daur aliran air
mulai dari tempat yang tinggi (gunung, pegunungan) menuju ke tempat yang rendah
baik di permukaan tanah maupun di dalam tanah yang berakhir di laut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
berubah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wujud</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berupa gas/uap akibat panas matahari dan disebut dengan
proses penguapan atau evaporasi. Uap ini bergerak di atmosfer (udara) kemudian
akibat perbedaan suhu di atmosfer dari panas menjadi dingin maka air akan
terbentuk akibat kondensasi dari uap menjadi keadaan cairan. Bila suhu berada
di bawah titik beku kristal-kristal es terbentuk. Tetesan air kecil tumbuh oleh
kondensasi dan berbenturan dengan tetesan air lainnya dan terbawa oleh gerakan
udara turbulen sampai pada kondisi yang cukup besar menjadi butir-butir air.
Apabila jumlah butir air sudah cukup banyak dan akibat berat sendiri (secara
gravitasi) butir-butir air itu akan turun ke bumi dan proses turunnya butir air
ini disebut dengan hujan. Bila suhu udara turun sampai di bawah 00 C, maka
butir air akan berubah menjadi salju (Chow dkk., 1988). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salju jadi
persoalan yang penting di tempat atau negara yang mempunyai perbedaan suhu yang
besar. Pada waktu musim panas suhu bisa mencapai + 350 C, namun pada waktu
musim dingin suhu bisa mencapai – 350 C (bahkan lebih). Hujan jatuh ke bumi
baik secara langsung maupun melalui media misalnya melalui tanaman. Di bumi air
mengalir dan bergerak dengan berbagai cara. Pada retensi (tempat penyimpanan)
air akan menetap/ tinggal untuk beberapa waktu. Retensi dapat berupa retensi
alam seperti daerah-daerah cekungan, danau, tempat-tempat yang rendah dll.,
maupun retensi buatan manusia seperti tampungan, sumur, embung, waduk dll.
Secara gravitasi (alami) air mengalir dari daerah yang tinggi ke daerah yang
rendah, dari gunung-gunung, pegunungan ke lembah, lalu ke daerah lebih rendah,
sampai ke daerah pantai dan akhirnya akan bermuara ke laut. Aliran air ini
disebut larian permukaan (run off) karena bergerak di atas muka tanah. Aliran
ini biasanya akan memasuki daerah tangkapan atau daerah aliran menuju ke sistem
jaringan sungai, sistem danau ataupun waduk. Dalam sistem sungai aliran
mengalir mulai dari sistem sungai yang kecil menuju ke sistem sungai yang besar
dan akhirnya akan menuju mulut sungai atau sering disebut muara yaitu tempat
bertemunya sungai dengan laut. Sebagian air hujan yang jatuh di permukaan tanah
meresap ke dalam tanah dalam bentuk-bentuk infiltrasi, perkolasi, dan kapiler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran air
tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi aliran air tanah dangkal, aliran air tanah dalam,
aliran air tanah antara dan aliran dasar (base flow). Disebut aliran dasar
karena aliran ini merupakan aliran yang mengisi sistem jaringan sungai. Hal ini
dapat dilihat pada waktu musim kemarau, ketika hujan tidak turun untuk beberapa
waktu, pada suatu sistem sungai tertentu masih ada aliran secara tetap dan
menerus. Akibat panas matahari air di permukaan bumi juga akan berubah wujud
menjadi gas/uap melalui proses evaporasi dan bila proses tersebut melalui
tanaman disebut transpirasi. Air akan diambil oleh tanaman melalui akar-akarnya
yang dipakai untuk kebutuhan hidup dari tanaman tersebut, lalu air di dalam
tanaman juga akan keluar berupa uap akibat energi panas matahari. Proses pengambilan
air oleh akar tanaman kemudian terjadinya penguapan dari dalam tanaman disebut
sebagai evapo-transpirasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaporasi
yang lain dapat terjadi pada sistem sungai, danau, embung, waduk maupun air
laut yang merupakan sumber air terbesar. Walaupun laut adalah tempat dengan
sumber air terbesar namun tidak bisa langsung dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber
kehidupan karena mengandung garam dan dikenal dengan nama air asin . Uap dan
gas mengalir dan bergerak di atmosfer. Proses selanjutnya sama dengan yang diuraikan
di awal sub-bab ini. Kejadian tersebut membentuk suatu pergerakan berulang dan
disebut daur atau siklus hidrologi. Daur ini merupakan konsep dasar tentang
keseimbangan air secara global di bumi. Daur hidrologi juga menunjukkan semua
hal yang berhubungan dengan air. Bila dilihat keseimbangan air secara
menyeluruh maka air tanah dan aliran permukaan: sungai, danau, penguapan dll.
merupakan bagian-bagian dari beberapa aspek yang menjadikan daur hidrologi
menjadi seimbang sehingga disebut dengan daur hidrologi yang tertutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
Konservasi Tanah dan Air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Degradasi
lahan dapat terjadi lantaran masyarakat cenderung mengeksploitasi
lahan-lahan pertanian dan mengakibatkan penambangan pada tanah. perubahan
teknologi atau intensifikasi penggunaan lahan bahkan bisa menggantikan
pepohonan dan vegetasi yang berakar dalam dengan tanaman bahan makanan yang
berakar dangkal sehingga tanah mudah tererosi. sementara itu laju pembentukan
kembali tanah dan lapisan permukaan yang tererosi sangat lamban sehingga
degradasi lahan nyaris tidak dapat tergantikan kembali secara cepat. konsep
laju kehilangan lapisan permukaan digunakan sebagai pendekatan degradasi lahan.
laju erosi diantaranya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yakni :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat erosivitas atau faktor
curah hujan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat fisik tanah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemiringan lahan dan
panjang lansekap</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik tanaman penutup
tanah dan manajemen usaha tani.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
daerah yang berpendapatan rendah atau tidak ada mempunyai alternatif mata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pencaharian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lain yang memadai, eksploitasi lahan pertanian yang
berlebihan justru akan meningkatkan kecenderungan degradasi lahan. hal yang
perlu dicatat adalah apabila intensifikasi penggunaan lahan kering lebih banyak
berlangsung pada lahan yang kemiringan curam dan tanpa menghiraukan aspek
konservasi, konsekuensi pada degradasi lahan akan semakin besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
menanggulangi fenomena degradasi lahan adopsi teknologi konservasi masih
ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor keterkaitan antara tingginya tingkat degradasi
lahan dan tingkat keuntungan usaha tani pada suatu lahan dan tingkat kemiringan
yang berbeda. pada keadan ekstrim, para petani akan mau mengadopsi teknologi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">konservasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hanya jika terdapat manfaat ekonomi dari kegiatan tersebut.
kemungkinan ekstrim lainnya adalah masyarakat petani sayuran dilereng-lereng
bukit yang jelas-jelas mempunyai kecenderungan degradasi lahan yang sangat
tinggi mungkin saja enggan mengadopsi teknologi konservasi jika penghasilan
dari usaha tani sayuran itu tidak terpengaruh oleh degradasi lahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu
kegiatan dalam menyelamatkan lahan dari tingkat erosi yang tinggi adalah
penerapan teknik konservasi tanah dan air disamping kegiatan reboisasi,
penghijauan, pemeliharan dan pengayaan tanaman. Konservasi tanah dan air
merupakan upaya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penggunaan lahan sesuai dengan
syarat–syarat yang diperlukan agar tidak terjadi kerusakan tanah. Konservasi
tanah dan air mempunyai tujuan utama untuk mempertahankan tanah dan air dari
kehilangan dan kerusakannya melalui pengendalian erosi, sedimentasi dan banjir
sehingga lahan dan air dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan lestari untuk
sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerapan
teknik konservasi tanah dan air meliputi teknik vegetatif, sipil teknis dan
kimiawi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> teknik vegetaif berupa penanaman
vegetasi tetap, budidaya tanaman lorong, strip rumput dan lain–lain, penerapan
sipil teknis berupa pembuatan bangunan dam pengendali, dam penahan, teras,
saluran pembuagan air, sumur resapan, embung, parit buntu (rorak), perlindungan
kanan kiri tebing sungai dan lain–lain, serta penerapan teknik kimiawi berupa
pemberian mulsa, bitumen zat kimia (soil conditioner).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang
memiliki fungsi sangat penting bagi kehidupan seluruh makhluk hidup, termasuk
manusia. Peranan air bagi kehidupan adalah untuk keperluan rumah tangga,
sebagai komponen dasar dari salah satu media perhubungan, sebagai unsur proses
fotosintesis dalam produk tanaman pertanian, perkebunan dan kehutanan,
keperluan pelayaran dll.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penghematan
air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">konservasi air</span> adalah
perilaku yang disengaja dengan tujuan mengurangi penggunaan air segar, melalui
metode teknologi atau perilaku sosial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrologi
Hidrologi adalah Cabang ilmu Geografi yang mempelajari seputar pergerakan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan kualitas air yang ada dibumi.
Ilmu Hidrologi dikenal sejak zaman 1608 M. Hidrologi merupakan ilmu yang
mengkaji kehadiran dan pergerakan air dibumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrologi
Air Tanah Hidrologi air tanah adalah cabang hidrologi yang berhubungan dengan
air tanah dan didefinisikan sebagai ilmu tentang keterdapatan, penyebaran, dan
pergerakan air di bawah permukaan bumi. Geohidrologi mempunyai mempunyai makna
yang sama dan hidrogeologi dibedakan hanya oleh penekanannya yang lebih besar
pada aspek kegeologian (Todd, 1980, h,1).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber daya air akan lestari apabila dalam
pemanfaatannya disertai dengan tindakan konservasi, disamping itu perlu adanya
penghijauan untuk melindungi kelestarian sumber daya air. Perlu adanya upaya
yang bisa dilakukan supaya potensi mata air tetap terjaga dan terpelihara
dengan baik sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk dengan sebaik-baiknya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arsyad, Soemitro. 1989<i>. Konservasi
Tanah dan Air</i>, Presentasi Workshop Agroforestry 2004, Fakultas Kehutanan,
Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah Mada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siregar, Sakti A. 2010. <i>Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah.</i>
Jakarta : Erlangga </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stephanus. 2015. <i>Makalah Air Baku
dan Konservasi Air</i>. Diakses melalui </span><a href="http://dokumen.tips/documents/makalah-air-baku-dan-konservasi-air.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://dokumen.tips/documents/makalah-air-baku-dan-konservasi-air.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada 18 Oktober 2015 pukul 20.00
WIB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suparno, Oto. 2009. <i>Teknologi Proses Pengolahan Air.</i>
Bogor : IPB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujianto, Bambang, 2006. <i>Faktor
Penentu Rekayasa Konservasi Tanah dan Air</i>. Jakarta : Suara Merdeka
Cybernews</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 44px; margin-left: 499px; margin-top: 605px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251659264;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservasi_air</span></div>
Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-88107236099367073972018-12-20T01:39:00.002-08:002018-12-20T01:39:39.962-08:00Makalah Rekam Medis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah
satu fungsi yang paling penting dari sebuah rumah sakit
adalah menyediakan perawatan berkualitas tinggi terhadap pasien.
Pimpinan rumah sakit bertanggung jawab secara hukum maupun moral atas
kualitas pelayanan yang di berikan kepada pasien ataupun mereka yang datang ke
fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesatnya
perkembangan ilmu kedokteran dan teknologi serta membaiknya keadaan sosial
ekonomi dan pendidikan, mengakibatkan perubahan sistem penilaian masyarakat
yang menuntut pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu. Salah satu parameter untuk
menentukan mutu pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit adalah data atau
informasi dari rekam medis yang baik dan lengkap. Indikator mutu rekam medik
yang baik adalah kelengkapan isi, akurat, tepat waktu dan pemenuhan aspek
persyaratan hukum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyelenggaraan
pelayanan kesehatan di Rumah Sakit mempunyai karakteristik dan organisasi yang
sangat kompleks. Berbagai jenis tenaga kesehatan dengan perangkat keilmuannya
masing-masing berinteraksi satu sama lain. Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
kesehatan/kedokteran berkembang sangat pesat yang harus diikuti oleh tenaga
kesehatan dalam rangka pemberian pelayanan yang bermutu, membuat semakin
kompleksnya permasalahan dalam rumah sakit. Pada hakekatnya Rumah Sakit
berfungsi sebagai tempat penyembuhan penyakit dan pemulihan kesehatan dan
fungsi dimaksud memiliki makna tanggung jawab yang seyogyanya merupakan
tanggung jawab pemerintah dalam meningkatkan taraf kesejahteraan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa pengertian dari rekam medis? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana prosedur dan pengarsipan
Rekam Medis di Rumah Sakit? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
tujuan dari makalah ini adalah selain untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah
diberikan dosen pengasuh, juga guna membahas lebih dalam mengenai materi yang
telah disampaikan, tetutama dalam hal kegunaan dari adanya rekam medis.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
Rekam Medis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekam
Medis adalah berkas yang berisikan catatan dan dokumen tentang identitas
pasien, pemeriksaan, pengobatan, tindakan dan pelayanan lain yang telah
diberikan kepada pasien (Permenkes 269/MENKES/PER/III/2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Edna K Huffman: Rekam Medis adalah berkas yang menyatakan siapa, apa, mengapa,
dimana, kapan dan bagaimana pelayanan yang diperoleh seorang pasien selama
dirawat atau menjalani pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Gemala Hatta, Rekam Medis merupakan kumpulan fakta tentang kehidupan seseorang
dan riwayat penyakitnya, termasuk keadaan sakit, pengobatan saat ini dan saat
lampau yang ditulis oleh para praktisi kesehatan dalam upaya mereka memberikan
pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekam
medis adalah keterangan tertulis dan terekam tentang identitas pasien umum dan
sosial pasien, anamnesa, riwayat penyakit, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan
penunjang lainya, laboratorium, diagnosis, segala perawatan dan tindakan medis
yang diberikan kepada pasien serta dokumen hasil pelayanan (resume) baik pasien
rawat inap, rawat jalan dan pelayanan di unit gawaat darurat (<b>Brotowasisto,
2003</b>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekam
Medis adalah keterangan yang tertulis maupun yang terekam tentang identitas
pasien, anamnesa, penentuan fisik laboratorium, diagnosa segala pelayanan dan
tindakan medis yang diberikan kepada pasien dan pengobatan, baik yang dirawat
inap, rawat jalan maupun yang mendapatkan pelayanan darurat (IGD) (<b>Depkes
RI,1997</b>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegiatan
Rekam Medis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara garis besar, kegiatan rakam
medis terdiri dari 3 kegiatan yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencataan</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu
pencatatan identitas pasien (berupa data khas diantaranya: nama, tempat dan
tanggal lahir, jenis kelamin, alamat, status perkawinan. Dan data social
seperti: agama,pendidikan, pekerjaan,identitas orangtua, identitas
penanggungjawab pembayaran) dilakukan di tempat pendaftaran atau tempat
penerimaan pasien, baik yang dirawat jalan, UGD, maupun yang dirawat inap dan
dikerjakan oleh petugas perekam medis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencataan
juga meliputi: Anamnesa, pemeriksaan fisik, diagnosis, pemeriksaan penunjang,
terapi dan tindakan medis yang dilakukan di tempat pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pangelolaan berkas / dokumen
atau penyimpanan</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu
upaya pengelolaan rekam medis agar isinya lengkap, mudah dimengerti, mudah
disimpan, dan mudah diambil kembalijika diperlukan. Pengelolaan ini erat
kaitannya dengan tempat penyimpanan rekam medis, system penomoran, alat-alat
yang digunakan, assembling, analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan data</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu
kegiatan mengumpulkan data, menghtung dan menganalisis data-data dari kegiatan
maupun data-data medis dan non medis yang ada direkam medis sehingga dapat
menjadi suatu laporan antau informasi yang dibutuhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan
data meliputi pengumpulan data dri buku register dipindah ke sensus harian dari
tiap tempat penerimaan pasien dan tempat pelayanan, kemudian berkas yang sudah
lengkap dapat dilakukan pengolahan data atau koding( pemnerian kode penyakit
dari giagnosa) kemudian dapat dilakukan index (pengelompokan) berdasarkan
identitas pasien, alamat, penyakit,dokter yang merawat dll.kemudian
dirkapitulasi (perhitungan) dan analis di rekam medis untuk menjadi laporan
intern maupun eksren.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
dan Kegunaan Rekam Medis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum
membahas mengenai tujuan dan kegunaan rekam medis perlu diketahui terlebih
dahulu mengenai falsafah rekam medis yaitu ALFRED AIR (<b><i>A</i></b><i>dninisration,
<b>L</b>egal, <b>F</b>inancial, <b>R</b>iset, <b>E</b>ducation, <b>D</b>okumentation,
<b>A</b>kurat, <b>I</b>nformatif, <b>R</b>esponsibility</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
rekam medis adalah untuk menunjang tercapainya tertib administrasi dalam rangka
upaya peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit (Depkes RI,1997;7).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut </span><a href="http://www.depkes.go.id/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Depkes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> RI Dirjen pelayanan Medis
dalam </span><a href="http://henrydunan.blogspot.com/2010/07/rsk-st.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buku</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pedoman Pengolahan. Rekam Medis Rumah Sakit di
Indonesia, kegunaanya dapat dilihat dari beberapa aspek :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek administrasi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai administratif karena isinya menyangkut
tindakan berdasarkan wewenang dan tanggung jawab sebagai tenaga medis dan
paramedis dalam mencapai tujuan pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Medis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai medis, karena catatan tersebut dipergunakan
sebagai dasar untuk merancanakan pengobatan atau perawatan yang harus diberikan
kepada seorang pasien.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Hukum</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai hukum, karena isinya menyangkut masalah
adanya jaminan kepastian hukum atas kedilan, dalam rangka usaha menegakkan
hukum serta penyediaan bahan tanda bukti untuk menegakan keadilan.</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Keuangan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai uang, karena isinya mengandung data atau
informasi yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai aspek keuangan.</span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Penelitian</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai penelitian, karena isinya menyangkut data
atau informasi yang dapat di pergunakan sebagai aspek penelitian dan
pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di bidang kesehatan.</span></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Pendidikan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai pendidikan, karena isinya menyangkut data
atau informasi tentang perkembangan kronologis dan kegiatan pelayanan medis
yang diberikan kepada pasien, informasi tersebut dapat dipergunakan sebagai
bahan atau referensi sesuai profesi pemakai.</span></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Dokumentasi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
berkas rekam medis mempunyai nilai dokumentasi, karena isinya menyangkut sumber
ingatan yang harus didokumentasikan dan dipakai sebagai bahan
pertanggungjawaban dan laporan rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun kegunaan rekam medis yang lain adalah sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan Primer Rekam Medis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi Pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencatat
jenis pelayanan yang telah diterima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukti
pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan
tenaga kesehatan dalam menilai dan menangani kondisi risiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui
biaya pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi Pihak Pemberi Pelayanan
Kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu
kelanjutan pelayanan (sarana komunikasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggambarkan
keadaan penyakit dan penyebab (sebagai pendukung diagnostik kerja)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menunjang
pengambilan keputusan tentang diagnosis dan pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
dan mengelola risiko perorangan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memfasilitasi
pelayanan sesuai dengan pedoman praktek klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendokumentasi
faktor risiko pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
dan mencatat keinginan serta kepuasaan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
rencana pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan
saran pencegahan atau promosi kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sarana
pengingat para klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menunjang
pelayanan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendokumentasikan
pelayanan yang diberikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi Manajemen Pelayanan Pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendokumentasikan
adanya kasus penyakit gabungan dan praktiknya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalisa
kegawatan penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merumuskan
pedoman praktik penanganan resiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan
corak dalam penggunaan saran pelayanan (utilisasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaksanakan
kegiatan menjaga mutu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi Penunjang Pelayanan Pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alokasi
sumber</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalisa
kecendrungan dan mengembangkan dugaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
beban kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengomunikasikan
informasi berbagai unit kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi Pembayaran dan Penggantian
Biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendokumentasikan
unit pelayanan yang memungut biaya pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan
biaya yang harus dibayar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
klaim asuransi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempertimbangkan
dan memutuskan klaim asuransi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar
dalam menetapkan ketidakmampuan dalam pembiayaan (missal : Kompensasi
pekerjaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menangani
pengeluaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaporkan
pengeluaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyelenggarakan
analisis aktuarial (tafsiran pra penetapan asuransi)</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan Sekunder Rekam Medis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edukasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendokumentasikan
pengalaman profesional di bidang kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyiapkan
sesi pertemuan dan presentasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan
pengajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan <i>(regulasi)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukti
pengajuan perkara ke pengadilan (litigasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu
pemasaran pengawasan (surveillance)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
kepatuhan sesuai standar pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
dasar pemberian akreditasi bagi profesional dan rumah sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membandingkan
organisasi pelayanan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riset</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengembangkan
produk baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaksanakan
riset klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
teknologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi
keluaran pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi
efektivitas serta analisis manfaat dan biaya pelayanan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengidentifikasi
populasi yang berisiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengembangkan
registrasi dan basis / pangkalan data (data base)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai
manfaat dan biaya sistem rekaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengambilan Kebijakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengalokasikan
sumber sumber</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaksanakan
rencana startegis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memonitor
kesehatan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Industri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaksanakan
riset dan pengembangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merencanakan
strategi pemasaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat
Rekam Medis yang Berguna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar rekam
medis dapat digunakan dengan baik sesuai tujuan yang ingin dicapai dengan
adanya rekam medis, maka rekam medis yang baik harus memenihi syarat-syarat
seperti yang diungkapkan Sujudi, (2000) “pendokumentasian informasi medis
seorang patien termasuk pasien kerusuhan/ bencana kedalam rekam medis haruslah
tepat waktu, up to date, cermat, lengkap, dipercaya dan objektif”. Sedangkan
menurut Hatta (serbaguna,2004:64) “untuk mendukung agar rekam medis menjadi
berguna naka diperlukan rekam medis yang:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lengkap meliputi:</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infotmasi yang cukup mengenai
pasien</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan alas an mengenai
penetapan diagnose dan perawatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencatat seluruh hasil
pemeriksaan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akurat cermat, dipercaya,dan
obyektif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terintegrasi artinya antara
satu data dengan data lain dalam rekam medis haruslah saling berkaitan dan
berkesinambungan atau dengan kata lain tidak dapat terpisahkan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar
Hukum Penyelenggaraan Rekam Medis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam penyelenggaraannya, Rekam
Medis memiliki dasar hukum sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undang-undang Kesehatan Nomor
36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undang-undang Nomor 7 tahun
1971; tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok kearsipan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan pemerintah nomor 10
tahun 1966; tentang Wajib Simpan Rahasia Kedokteran / Lembaran Negara,
tahun 1966 nomor 21; tambahan lembaran negara 2803.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia Nomor 1673 / MENKESPER/XII/2005 tentang Organisasi dan
Tata Kerja RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan
nomor 034/birhub/1972; tentang Perencanaan dan Pemeliharaan Rumah Sakit,
diamana antara lain di sebutkan bahwa guna menunjang terselenggaranya
rencana induk yang baik, maka setiap rumah sakit diwajibkan :</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai
dan merawat statisktik yang up to date.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membina
rekam medis yang didasarkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan
Nomor 134/1978; tentang Struktur Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Rumah Sakit
Umum, antara lain disebutkan bahwa dimana salah satu sub bagian adalah
Perekam Medis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan
Nomor 269/Menkes/Per/III/2008; tentang Rekam Medis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia Nomor : 167 MENKES / PER /XII /2005 tentang
Pemberlakuan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1673 /
MENKES / PER / XII / 2005, tentang pemberlakuan Struktur Organisasidan
Tata Kerja RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keputusan Direktur Jenderal
Pelyanan Medik nomor 78/YanMed/RS.Umum.Dik/YNU/i/1991; tentang Pelaksanaan
penyelenggaraan Rekam Medis atau Medical Record di Rumah Sakit.</span></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam arti
sempit rekam medis adalah berupa dokumen tentang identitas pasien, pemeriksaan,
pengobatan,dan pelayanan lain kepada pasien dalam sarana pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan
dalam arti luas rekam medis merupakan suaru system penyelenggaraan rekam medis
yang berguna untuk menunjang peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan pada suat u
pelayanan kesehatan yang jelas dasar hukumya, tidak hanya berupa dokumen saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebradaan
rekam medis pada pusat-pesat pelayanan kesehatan pada era sekarang sengatlah
penting guna meningkatkan mutu pelayanan kesehatan dan drajat kesehatan
masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Diharapkan dengan
pembuatan makalah ini, dapat dijadikan pedoman untuk memanjemen rumah sakit
dalam rekam medis dalam upaya peningkatan kesehatan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERMENKES
No.269a/MENKES/PER/III/2008 tentang Rekam Medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://aepnurulhidayat.wordpress.com/2015/08/30/makalah-rekam-medis-by-aep-nurul-hidayah_rekam-medis-informasi-kesehatan/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://aepnurulhidayat.wordpress.com/2015/08/30/makalah-rekam-medis-by-aep-nurul-hidayah_rekam-medis-informasi-kesehatan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://hasansodikin.blogspot.com/2013/04/makalah-rekam-medis.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://hasansodikin.blogspot.com/2013/04/makalah-rekam-medis.html</span></a></div>
Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-16691957586621685512018-12-14T01:49:00.000-08:002018-12-14T01:49:31.649-08:00Model Pendokumentasian<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puji syukur atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah
mencurahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah
ini untuk memenuhi tugas dari mata kuliah dengan judul <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Model Pendokumentasian”</i></b>
ini dapat terselesaiakan semaksimal mungkin, walaupun mengalami berbagai
kesulitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu, bukan karena usaha
dari kami selaku penulis, melainkan banyak mendapat bantuan dari berbagai pihak.
Untuk itu kami mengucapkan terima kasih pada pihak-pihak yang telah membantu
kami baik itu dosen kami dan semua pihak yang telah membantu kami dalam
menyelesaikan makalah ini. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu kami selaku
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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Demikian kami selaku penulis makalah, mohon maaf bila dalam pembuatan makalah
ini ada hal-hal yang kurang berkenan. Semoga makalah yang kami buat ini dapat
bermanfaat dan berguna bagi semua pihak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Majene, 9 Oktober 2018</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 131px; left: -5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 98px; width: 560px; z-index: 251659264;"><img alt="Text Box: i" height="33" src="file:///C:\Users\Iphink\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" width="560" /></span> </div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelayanan
kebidanan merupakan bagian dari pelayanan kesehatan yang dilaksanakan secara
profesional, tersedia selama 24 jam dan berkelanjutan selama seorang pasien
kebidanan menjalani perawatan. Dengan demikian, pelayanan kebidanan memegang
peranan penting dalam upaya menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan
kesehatan diinstitusi tempat bidan tersebut memberikan pelayanan kebidanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
kebidanan tidak hanya merupakan dokumen yang sah, juga merupakan instrumen
untuk melindungi para pasien dan bidan. Atas dasar itu, dalam memberikan
pelayanan kebidanan, bidan diharapkan mampu bekerja sesuai dengan standar
profesi yang telah ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejak
tahun 1950 pencatatan telah mulai dilaksanakan oleh profesi perawat dan bidan.
Pada tahun 1970 kebutuhan kesehatan masyarakat berkembang dan menuntut tanggung
jawab bidan untuk melaksanakan praktik secara mandiri, sehingga diperlukan
pendokumentasian asuhan kebidanan. Selama 20 tahun terakhir, pendokumentasian
telah mengalami perkembangan pesat seiring dengan pesatnya perkembangan
pelayanan kebidanan. Teknik pendokumentasian yang dikenal anatara lain : Teknik
narasi, serta teknik flowsheet dan checklist. Model pendokumentasian yang ada,
anatara lain : catatan yang berorientasi pada sumber, catatan yang berorientasi
pada masalah, charting by exception, karadeks dan penggunaan sistem
pendokumentasian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Muslihatun, Mudlilah dan
Setiyawati, 2009 : 1 – 2 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan
dan perkembangan sistem pendokumentasian asuhan kebidanan diperlukan untuk
mengimbangi perkembangan sistem pelayanan atau asuhan kebidanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari rumusan masalah diatas, adapun
rurmusan masalahnya yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan dokumentasi
kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa tujuan dokumentasi kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa prinsip dokumentasi kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
aspek legal dalam dokumentasi kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa manfaat dokumentasi kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa syarat dokumentasi kebidanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
rumusan masalah, tujuan dari pembuatan makalah mengetahui pengertian
dokumentasi kebidanan serta segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan konsep
dokumentasi .</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengertian </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
berasal dari kata dokumen yang berarti bahan pustaka, baik yang berbentuk
tulisan maupun rekaman lainnya seperti dengan pita
suara/cassete,vidio,film,gambar dan foto (suyono trino). Dalam kamus besar
bahasa indonesia adalah surat yang tertulis/tercetak yang dapat di pakai
sebagai bukti keterangan (seperti akta kelahiran, surat nikah, surat
perjanjian, dan sebagainya). Dokumen dalam bahasa inggris berarti satu atau
lebih lembar kertas resmi (<i>offical)</i> dengan tulisan di atasnya. Secara
umum dokumentasi dapat di artikan sebagai suatu catatan otentik atau semua
surat asli yang dapat di rtikan sebagai suatu catatan otentik atau semua surat
asli yang dapat di buktikan atau di jadikan bukti dalam persoalan hukum.
Dokumentasi adalah suatu proses pencatatan, penyimpanan informasi data atau fakta
yang bermakna dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan(peter Sali).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
frances fischbbaach (1991) isi dan kegiatan dokumentasi apabila di terapkan
dalam asuhan kebidanan adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulisan yang berisi komunikasi
tentang kenyataan yang essensial untuk menjaga kemungkinan-kemungkinan
yang bisa terjadi untuk suatu periode tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyiapkan dan memelihara
kejadian-kejadian yang di perhitungkan melalui gambaran, catatan
/dokumentasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat catatan pasien yang
otentik tentang kebutuhan asuhan kebidanan,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memonitor catatan profesional
dan data dari pasien, kegiatan perawatan, perkembangan pasien menjadi
sehat atau sakit dan hasil asuhan kebidanan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melaksanakan kegiatan
perawatan, mengurangi penderitaan dan perawatan pada pasien yang hampir
meninggal dunia.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
mempunyai 2 sifat yaitu tertutup dan terbuka, tertutup apabila di dalam berisi
rahasia yang tidak pantas di perlihatkan, di ungkapakan dan di sebarluaskan
kepada masyarakat.terbuka apabila dokumen tersebut selalu berinteraksi fengan
lingkungan nya yang menerima dan menghimpun informasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
dalam kebidanan adalah suatu bukti pencatatan dan pelaporan yang di miliki oleh
bidan dalam melakukan catatan perawatan yang berguna untuk kepentingan Klien,
bidan dan tim kesehatan dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan dengan dasar
komunikasi yang akurat dan lengkap secara tertulis dengan tanggung jawab bidan.
Dokumentasi dalam asuhan kebidanan merupakan suatu pencatatan yang lengkap dan
akurat terhadap keadaan/kejadian yang dilihat dalam pelaksanaan asuhan
kebidanan (proses asuhan kebidanan).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendokumentasian
dari asuhan kebidanan dirumah sakit dikenal dengan istilah rekam medic.
dokumentasi kebidanan menurut SK MenKes RI 749 adalah berkas yang berisi
catatan dan dokumen yang berisi tentang identitas: Anamnesa, pemeriksaan,
tindakan dan pelayanan lain yang diberikan kepada seseorang kepada seorang
pasien selama dirawat dirumah sakit yang dilakukan di unit-unit rawat termasuk
UGD dan unit rawat inap. Dokumentasi berisi dokumen/pencatatan yang member bukti
dan kesaksian tentang sesuatu atau suatu pencatatan tentang sesuatu.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dokumentasi Kebidanan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan pasien
merupakan suatu dokumentasi legal berbentuk tulisan, meliputi keadaan sehat dan
sakit pasien pada masa lampau dan masa sekarang, menggambarkan asuhan kebidanan
yang diberikan. Dokumentasi asuhan kebidanan pada pasien dibuat untuk menunjang
tertibnya administrasi dalam rangka upaya peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan
ditempat-tempat pelayanan kebidanan antara lain: Puskesmas, rumah bersalin,
atau bidan praktik swasta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
instansi kesehatan memilih dokumen pasien yang dirawatnya walaupun bentuk
formulir dokumen masing-masing instansi berbeda. Tujuan dokumen pasien adalah
untuk menunjang tertibnya administrasi dalam upaya peningkatan pelayanan
kesehatan dirumah sakit/puskesmas.selain sebagai suatu dokumen rahasia, catatan
tentang pasien juga mengidentifikasi pasien dan asuhan kebidanan yang telah
diberikan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun tujuan dokumentasi kebidanan
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai sarana komunikasi</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi terjadi dalam tiga arah:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ke bawah untuk melakukan
instruksi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ke atas untuk member laporan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ke samping (lateral) untuk
member saran</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi yang dikomunikasikan
secara akurat dan lengkap dapat berguna untuk:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu
koordinasi asuhan kebidanan yang diberikan oleh tim kesehatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah
informasi yang berulang terhadap pasien atau anggota tim kesehatan atau
mencegah tumpang tindih, bahkan sama sekali tidak dilakukan untuk mengurangi
kesalahan dan meningkatkan ketelitian dalam memberikan asuhan kebidanan pada
pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu
tim bidan dlam menggunakan waktu sebaik-baiknya.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai tanggung jawab dan
tanggung gugat</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai upaya untuk melindungi
pasien terhadap kualitas pelayanan keperawatan yang diterima dan perlindungan
terhadap keamanan perawat dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, maka perawat/bidan
diharuskan mencatat segala tindakan yang dilakukan terhadap pasien. Hal ini
penting berkaitan dengan langkah antisipasi terhadap ketidakpuasan pasien
terhadap pelayanan yang diberikan dan kaitannya dengan aspek hukum yang dapat
dijadikan <i>settle concern, </i>artinya dokumentasi dapat digunakan untuk
menjawab ketidakpuasan terhadap pelayanan yang diterima secara hukum.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai informasi statistic</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data statistic dari dokumentasi
kebidanan dapat membantu merencanakan kebutuhan dimasa mendatang, baik SDM,
sarana, prasaran dan teknis. Penting kiranya untuk terus menerus member
informasi kepada orang tentang apa yang telah, sedang, dan akan dilakukan,
serta segala perubahan dalam pekerjaan yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai sarana pendidikan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi asuhan kebidanan yang
dilaksanakan secara baik dan benar akan membantu para siswa kebidanan maupun
siswa kesehatan lainnya dalam proses belajar mengajar untuk mendapatkan
pengetahuan dan membandingkannya, baik teori maupun praktek lapangan.</span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai sumber data penelitian</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Informasi yang ditulis dalam
dokumentasi dapat digunakan sebagai sember data penelitian. Hal ini erat
kaitannya dengan yang dilakukan terhadap asuhan kebidanan yang diberikan,
sehingga melalui penelitian dapat diciptakan satu bentuk pelayanan keperawatan
dan kebidanan yang aman, efektif dan etis.</span></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai jaminan kualitas
pelayanan kesehatan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui dokumentasi yang diakukan
dengan baik dan benar, diharapkan asuhan kebidanan yang berkualitas dapat dicapai,
karena jaminan kulitas merupakan bagian dari program pengembangan pelayanan
kesehatan. Suatu perbaikan tidak dapat diwujudkan tanpa dokumentasi yang
kontinu, akurat dan rutin baik yang dilakukan oleh bidan maupun tenaga
kesehatan lainnya. Audit jaminan kualitas membantu untuk menetapkan suatu
akreditasi pelayanan kebidanan daam mencapai standar yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai sumber data asuhan
kebidanan berkelanjutan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan dokumentasi akan didapatkan
data yang actual dan konsisten mencakup seluruh asuhan kebidanan yang
dilakukan.</span></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menetapkan prosedur dan
standar</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur menentukan rangkaian
kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan, sedangkan standar menentukan aturan yang akan
dianut dalam menjalankan prosedur tersebut.</span></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mencatat</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi akan diperluakn untuk
memonitor kinerja peralatan, system, dan sumber daya manusia. Dari dokumentasi
ini, manajemen dapat memutuskan atau menilai apakah departemen tersebut
memenuhi atau mencapai tujuannya dalam skala waktu dan batasan sumber dayanya.
Selain itu manajemen dapat mengukur kualitas pekerjaan, yaitu apakah outputnya
sesuai dengan spesifikasi dan standar yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberi instruksi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi yang baik akan membantu
dalam pelatihan untuk tujuan penanganan instalasi baru atau untuk tujuan
promosi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prinsip</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> – Prinsip Dokumentasi Kebidanan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan
pasien merupakan dokumen yang legal dan bermanfaat sendiri juga bagi tenaga
kesehatan yang mengandung arti penting dan perlu memperhatikan prinsip
dokumentasi yang dapat ditinjau dari dua segi yaitu :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip pencatatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditinjau dari isi</span></li>
</ol>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menpunyai nilai administative</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu berkas pencatatan mempunyai
nilai medis,karena catatan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai dasar merencanakan
tindakan yang harus diberikan kepada klien</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai nilai hukum</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua catatan informasi tentang
klien merupakan dokumentasi resmi dan bernilai hukum.bila terjadi suatu masalah
yang berhubungan dengan profesi kebidanan,dimana bidan sebagai pemberi
jasa,maka dokumentasi dapat digunakan sewaktu-waktu,sebagai barang bukti di
pengadilan.oleh karena itu data-data harus di identifikasi secara
lengkap,jelas,objektif dan ditandatangani oleh tenaga kesehatan</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai nilai ekonomi</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi mempunyai nilai
ekonomi,semua tindakan kebidanan yang belum,sedang,dan telah diberikan dicatat
dengan lengkap yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan atau pertimbangan biaya
kebidanan bagi klien</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai nilai edukasi</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi mempunyai nilai
pendidikan, karena isi menyangkut kronologis dari kegiatan asuhan kebidanan
yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan atau referensi pembelajaran bagi siswa
atau profesi kesehatan lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai nilai penelitian</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi kebidanan mempunyai
nilai penelitian,data yang terdapat didalamnya dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan
atau objek riset dan pengembangan profesi kebidanan</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditinjau dari teknik pencatatan
</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menncantumkan nama pasien pada
setiap lembaran catatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menulis dengan tinta (idealnya tinta
hitam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menulis/menggunakan denga symbol
yang telah disepakati oleh institusi untuk mempercepat proses pencatatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menulis catatan selalu menggunakan
tanggal,jam tindakan atau observasi yang dilakukan sesuai dengan kenyataan dan
bukan interpretasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindarkan kata-kata yang mempunyai
unsur penilaian, misalnya:tampaknya, rupanya dan yang bersifat umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuliskan nama jelas pada setiap
pesanan, pada catatan observasi dan pemeriksaan oleh orang yang melakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil temuan digambarkan secara
jelas termasuk keadaan, tanda, gejala, warna, jumlah, dan besar dengan ukuran
yang lazim digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpretasi data objektif harus
didukung oleh observasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolom jangan dibiarkan kosong,beri
tanda bila tidak ada yang perlu ditulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coretan harus disertai paraf
disampingnya</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pencatatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model naratif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model orientasi masalah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model fokus</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa prinsip dalam membuat
dokumentasi harusnya seperti berikut :</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simplicity (kesederhanaan)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendokumentasian menggunakan
kata-kata yang sederhana,mudah dibaca,dimengerti, dan perlu dihindari istilah
yang dibuat-buat sehingga mudah dibaca</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conservatism</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi harus benar-benar akurat
yaitu didasari oleh informasi dari data yang dikumpulkan.dengan demikian jelas
bahwa data tersebut berasal dari pasien, sehingga dapat dihindari kesimpulan
yang tidak akurat.sebagai akhir catatan ada tanda tangan dan nama jelas pemberi
asuhan</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesabaran</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunakan kesabaran dalam membuat
dokumentasi dengan meluangkan waktu untuk memeriksa kebenaran kebenaran
terhadap data pasien yang telah atau sedang diperiksa</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Precision (ketepatan)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketepatan dalam pendokumentasian
merupakan syarat yang sangat diperlukan.untuk memperolehh ketepatan perlu
pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan teknologi yang lebih tinggi seperti menilai
gambaran klinis dari pasien,laboratorium, dan pemeriksaan tambahan.</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irrefutability (jelas dan
objektif)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
memerlukan kejelasan dan objektivitas dari data-data yang ada,bukan data
samaran yang dapat menimbulkankan kerancuan</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Confidentiality (rahasia)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Informasi yang dapat dari pasien
didokumentasikan dan petugas wajib menjaga atau melindungi rahasia pasien yang
bersangkutan</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat dibuat catatan secara
singkat,kemudian dipindahkan secara lengkap (dengan nama dan identifikasi
yang jelas)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mencatat tindakan yang belum
dilaksanakan</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil observasi atau perubahan
yang nyata harus segera dicatat. Dalam keadaan emergency dan bidannya
terlibat langsung dalam tindakan, perlu ditugaskan seseorang khusus untuk
mencatat semua tindakan secara berurutan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selalu tulis nama jelas dan jam
serta tanggal tindakan dilaksanakan</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek
Legal Dalam Dokumentasi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Rekam medis
yang mudah dibaca dan akurat merupakan dokumentsai pelayanan kesehatan yang
sangat menentukan yang mengkomunikasikan informasi penting tentang pasien ke
berbagai profesional.Dalam kasus hukum,rekam medis dapat menjadi landasan
berbagai kasus gugatan atau sebagai alat pembela diri Bidan,Perawat,Dokter atau
fasilitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan utama dokumentasi kebidanan
adalah untuk menyampaikan informasi penting tentang pasien. Rekam medis
digunakan untuk mendokumentasikan proses kebidanan dan memenuhi kewajiban
profesional bidan untuk mengkomunikasikan informasi penting. Data dalam
pencatatan tersebut harus berisi informasi spesifik yang memberi gambaran
tentang pasien dan pemberian asuhan kebidanan. Evaluasi status pasien harus
dimasukan dalam catatan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek legal dalam pendokumentasian
kebidanan terdapat 2 tipe tindakan legal:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan sipil atau pribadi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindkan sipil berkaitan dengan isu
antar individu</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan kriminal</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan kriminal berkaitan dengan
perselisihan antara individu dan masyarakat secara keseluruhan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Menurut hukum jika sesuatu tidak didokumentasikan berarti pihak yang
bertanggung jawab tidak melakukan apa yang seharusnyan dilakukan.Jika bidan
tidak melaksanakan atau menyelesaikan suatau aktivitas atau mendokumentasikan
secara tidak benar, dia bisa dituntut melakukan mal praktik. Dokumentasi
kebidanan harus dapat dipercaya secara legal, yaitu harus meberikan lapporan
yang akurat mengenai perawatan yang diterima klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Dokumentasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berapa manfaat dokumentasi ditinjau
dari berbagai aspek antara lain yaitu :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Administrasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mendefinisikan fokus
asuhan bagi klien atau kelompok</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk membedakan tanggung gugat
bidan dari tanggung gugat anggota tim pelayana kesehatan yang lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan penelahaan dan
pengevaluasian asuhan (perbaikan kualitas )</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan kriteria
klasifikasi pasien</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan justifikasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan data guna
tinjauan adminitrasi dan legal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memenuhi persyaratan
hukum, akreditasi dan profesional</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan data
penelitian dan tujuan pendidikan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Hukum</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua catatan informasi tentang
klien merupakan dokumentasi resmi dan bernilai hukum. Bila terjadi suatu
masalah yang berhubungan dengan profesi kebidanan, dimana bidan sebagai pemberi
jasa dan klien sebagai pengguna jasa,maka dokumentasi diperlukan sewaktu-waktu.
Dokumentasi tersebut dapat dipergunakan sebagai barang bukti dipengadilan. Oleh
karena itu data-data harus diidentifikasi secara lengkap,jelas, objektif, dan
ditandatangani oleh pemberi asuahan, tanggal dan perlunya dihindari adanya penulisan
yang dapat menimbulkan interprestasi yang salah.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Pendidikan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi mempunyai manfaat
pendidikan karena isinya menyangkut kronologis dari kegiatan asuhan yang dapat
dipergunakan sebagai bahan atau referensi pembelajaran bagi siswa atau profesi.</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Penelitian</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
mempunyai manfaat penelitian. Data yang terdapat didalamnya mengandung
informasi yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan atau objek riset dan pengembangan
profesi.</span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Ekonomi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi mempunyai efek secara
ekonomi, semua tindakan atau asuhan yang belum,sedang, dan telah diberikan
dicatat dengan lengkap yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai acuhan atau pertimbangan
dalam biaya bagi klien.</span></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek Manajemen</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui dokumentasi dapat dilihat
sejauh mana peran dalam fungsi bidan dalam memberikan asuhan kepada klien.
Dengan demikian akan dapat diambil kesimpulan tingkat keberhasilan pemberian
asuhan guna pembinaan dan pengembangan lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Model</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Pendokumentasian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Pendokumentasian ada 5, yaitu
:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POR (Problem Oriented record)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
orientasi masalah pertama kali dikenalkan oleh Dr. Lawrence Weed tahun 1960
dari Amerika Serikat yang kemudian disesuaikan pemakaiannya oleh perawat. Dalam
format aslinya pendekatan orientasi masalah ini dibuat untuk memudahkan
pendokumentasian dengan catatan perkembangan yang terintegritas dengan sistem
ini semua tim petugas kesehatan mencatat observasinya dari suatu daftar
masalah. Pelaksanaan dari Pendekatan Orientasi Masalah ini (PORS), dapat
disamakn dengan membuat satu sebagai bab-bab dari buku-buku tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
istilah yang berhubungan dengan sistem pencatatan ini yaitu : PORS : Problem
Oriented Record, juga dikenal sebagai orientasi pada masalah POR : Problem
Oriented Record</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POMR : Problem Oriented Medical
Record</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PONR
: Problem Oriented Nursing Record, yaitu Metode untuk menyusun data pasien yang
diatur untuk mengidentifikasikan masalah keperawatan dan medik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
ini memusatkan data tentang klien didokumentasikan dan disusun menurut masalah
klien. Sistem dokumentasi jenis ini mengintegrasikan semua data mengenai
masalah yang dikumpulkan oleh dokter, perawat atau tenaga kesehatan lain yang
terlibat dalam pemberian layanan kepada klien. Model dokumentasi ini terdiri
dari empat komponen, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
Dasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
dasar berisi semua informasi yang telah dikaji dari klien ketika pertama kali
masuk Rumah Sakit. Data dasar mencakup pengkajian keperawatan, riwayat
penyakit/kesehatan, pemeriksaan fisik, pengkajian ahli gizi dan hasil
laboratorium. Data dasar yang telah terkumpul selanjutnya digunakan sebagai
sarana mengidentifikasi masalah klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
masalah berisi tentang masalah yang telah teridentifikasi dari data dasar.
Selanjutnya masalah disusun secara kronologis sesuai tanggal identifikasi
masalah. Daftar masalah ditulis pertama kali oleh tenaga yang pertama bertemu
dengan klien atau orang yang diberi tanggung jawab. Daftar masalah ini dapat
mencakup masalah fisiologis, psikologis, sosio kultural, spiritual, tumbuh
kembang, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Daftar ini kultural, spiritual, tumbuh
kembang, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Daftar ini berada pada bagian depan status
klien dan tiap masalah diberi tanggal, nomor, berada pada bagian depan status
klien dan tiap masalah diberi tanggal, nomor, dirumuskan dan dicantumkan nama
orang yang menemukan masalah tersebut.<br />
Daftar Awal Rencana Asuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
asuhan ditulis oleh tenaga yang menyusun daftar masalah. Dokter menulis
instruksinya, sedang perawat menulis instruksi keperawatan atau rencana asuhan
keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catatan
Perkembangan (Progress Notes)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Progress
Notes berisikan perkembangan/kemajuan dari tiap – tiap masalah yang telah
dilakukan tindakan dan disusun oleh semua anggota yang terlibat dengan
menambahkan catatan perkembangan pada lembar yang sama. Beberapa acuan progress
note dapat digunakan antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOAP
(Subyektif data, Obyektif data, Analisis/Assesment dan Plan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOAPIER
(SOAP ditambah Intervensi, Evaluasi dan Revisi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PIE
(Problem – Intervensi – Evaluasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOR (Source Oriented record)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
ini menempatkan catatan atas dasar disiplin orang atau sumber yang mengelola
pencatatan. Bagian penerimaan klien mempunyai lembar isian tersendiri, dokter
menggunakan lembar untuk mencatat instruksi, lembaran riwayat penyakit dan
perkembangan penyakit, perawat menggunakan catatan keperawatan, begitu pula
disiplin lain mempunyai catatn masing-masing.<br />
Catatan berorientasi pada sumber terdiri dari lima komponen, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembar penerimaan
berisi biodata<br />
Lembar order dokter<br />
Riwayat medik/penyakit<br />
Catatan perawat<br />
Catatan dan laporan khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CBE
(Charting By Exeption)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CBE
adalah sistem dokumentasi yang hanya mencatat secara naratif hasil atau
penemuan yang menyimpang dari keadaan normal atau standar. Keuntungan CBE yaitu
mengurangi penggunaan waktu untuk mencatat sehingga lebih banyak waktu untuk
asuhan langsung pada klien, lebih menekankan pada data yang penting saja, mudah
untuk mencari data yang penting, pencatatan langsung ketika memberikan asuhan,
pengkajian yang terstandar, meningkatkan komunikasi antara tenaga kesehatan,
lebih mudah melacak respons klien dan lebih murah. CBE mengintegrasikan 3
komponen penting, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembar
alur (flowsheet)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dokumentasi
dilakukan berdasarkan standar praktik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulir
diletakkan di tempat tidur klien sehingga dapat segera digunakan untuk
pencatatan dan tidak perlu memindahlan data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kardeks</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
ini terdiri dari serangkaian kartu yang disimpan pada indeks file yang dapat
dengan mudah dipindahkan yang berisikan informasi yang diperlukan untuk asuhan
setiap hari. Informasi yang terdapat dalam kardeks meliputi : data demografi
dasar, diagnosis medik utama, instruksi dokter terakhir yang harus dilaksanakan
perawat, rencana asuhan keperawatan tertulis 9digunakan jika rencana formal
tidak ditemukan dalam catatan klien), instruksi keperawatan, jadwal pemeriksaan
dan prosedur tindakan, tindak pencegahan yang dilakukan dalam asuhan
keperawatan serta faktor yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan hidup sehari-hari.
Karena sering ditulis dengan pensil kecuali jika kardeks digunakan sebagai
bagian permanen dari catatan klien. Potter dan Perry (1989) menekankan beberapa
hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penulisan rencana asuhan pada kardeks, yaitu
: rencana asuhan ditulis ketika perawat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membahas
tentang masalah kebutuhan klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan
rode setelah identifikasi atau peninjauan masalah klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diskusi dengan anggota tim kesehatan lain yang bertanggung jawab terhadap klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
berinteraksi dengan klien dan keluarganya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kardeks
harus ditulis tentang data pengkajian keperawatan yang berhubungan diagnostik,
instruksi (observasi yang harus dilakukan, prosedur terkait dengan pemulihan,
pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kesehatan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokumentasi
dalam kebidanan adalah suatu bukti pencatatan dan pelaporan yang di miliki oleh
bidan dalam melakukan catatan perawatan yang berguna untuk kepentingan Klien,
bidan dan tim kesehatan dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan dengan dasar
komunikasi yang akurat dan lengkap secara tertulis dengan tanggung jawab bidan.
Dokumentasi dalam asuhan kebidanan merupakan suatu pencatatan yang lengkap dan
akurat terhadap keadaan/kejadian yang dilihat dalam pelaksanaan asuhan
kebidanan (proses asuhan kebidanan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan
pasien merupakan dokumen yang legal dan bermanfaat sendiri juga bagi tenaga
kesehatan yang mengandung arti penting dan perlu memperhatikan prinsip
dokumentasi yang dapat ditinjau dari dua segi yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
pencatatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditinjau
dari isi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diharapkan dengan
pembuatan makalah ini, dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dijadikan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> pedoman untuk memanjemen rumah sakit dalam rekam
medis dalam upaya peningkatan kesehatan. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komariah, k (2005). Perawatan ibu
masa nifas dan bayi baru lahir. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bennet and Linda, 2005, Myles
Textbook for Midwifery, UK London</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seller, P.M., 2000, Midwifery, Vol.
1 dan 2, 1st Edition, Juta & Co.Ltd, Cape Town</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varney, 1997, Varney’s Midwifery,
3rd Edition, Jones and Barlet Publishers, Sudbury: England</span></div>
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Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-85217898288897882432018-12-14T01:25:00.001-08:002018-12-14T01:25:13.767-08:00Makalah Imunologi<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tubuh manusia tidak mungkin
terhindar dari lingkungan yang mengandung mikroba pathogen disekelilingnya.
Mikroba tersebut dapat menimbulkan penyakit infeksi pada manusia. Mikroba
patogen yang ada bersifat poligenik dan kompleks. Oleh karena itu respon imun
tubuh manusia terhadap berbagai macam mikroba patogen juga berbeda. Umumnya
gambaran biologic spesifik mikroba menentukan mekanisme imun mana yang berperan
untuk proteksi. Begitu juga respon imun terhadap bakteri khususnya bakteri
ekstraseluler atau bakteri intraseluler mempunyai karakteriskik tertentu pula.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada mulanya imunologi merupakan cabang mikrobiologi yang
mempelajari respons tubuh, terutama respons kekebalan terhadap penyakit
infeksi. Imunologi adalah suatu cabang yang luas dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_biomedis" title="Ilmu biomedis"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ilmu
biomedis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> yang mencakup kajian mengenai semua aspek </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_imun" title="Sistem imun"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">sistem
imun</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(kekebalan) pada
semua </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">organisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.
Imunologi antara lain mempelajari peranan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">fisiologis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> sistem
imum baik dalam keadaan sehat maupun sakit; malfungsi sistem imun pada gangguan
imunologi karakteristik fisik, kimiawi, dan fisiologis komponen-komponen sistem
imun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tubuh manusia akan selalu
terancam oleh paparan bakteri, virus, parasit, radiasi matahari, dan polusi.
Stress emosional atau fisiologis dari kejadian ini adalah tantangan lain untuk
mempertahankan tubuh yang sehat. Biasanya kita dilindungi oleh system
pertahanan tubuh, sistem kekebalan tubuh, terutama makrofag, dan cukup lengkap
kebutuhan gizi untuk menjaga kesehatan. Kelebihan tantangan negattif,
bagaimanapun, dapat menekan system pertahanan tubuh, system kekebalan tubuh,
dan mengakibatkan berbagai penyakit fatal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Respon imun yang alamiah terutama
melalui fagositosis oleh neutrofil, monosit serta makrofag jaringan.
Lipopolisakarida dalam dinding bakteri Gram negative dapat mangativasi
komplemen jalur alternative tanpa adanya antibody. Kerusakan jaringan yang
terjaddi ini adalah akibat efek samping dari mekanisme pertahanan tubuh untuk
mengeliminasi bakteri. Sitokin juga merangsang demam dan sintesis protein.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah perkembangan imunologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System Imun non spesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System Imun spesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme kerja dan fungsi system imun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian imunisasi aktif dan pasif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan system imun, reaksi
hipersensitifitas dan kekurangan sel imun</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defenisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunologi,
terdiri dari dua kata yaitu IMUN yang berarti kekebalan dan LOGI atau LOGOS
yang berarti ilmu, jadi bila digabungkan menjadi ilmu tentang kekebalan.
Imunologi adalah suatu cabang yang luas dari ilmu biomedis yang mencakup
kajian mengenai semua aspek sistem imun (kekebalan) pada semua organisme
. Imunologi antara lain mempelajari peranan fisiologis sistem imum baik
dalam keadaan sehat maupun sakit; malfungsi sistem imun pada gangguan imunologi
(penyakit autoimun , hipersensitivitas , defisiensi imun , penolakan
allograft); karakteristik fisik, kimiawi, dan fisiologis komponen-komponen
sistem imun in vitro , in situ , dan in vivo . Imunologi memiliki berbagai
penerapan pada berbagai disiplin ilmu dan karenanya dipecah menjadi beberapa
subdisiplin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Imunologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada mulanya imunologi merupakan cabang mikrobiologi
yang mempelajari respons tubuh, terutama respons kekebalan, terhadap penyakit
infeksi. Pada tahun 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro mengajukan teori kontagion yang
menyatakan bahwa pada penyakit infeksi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> suatu zat yang dapat memindahkan
penyakit tersebut dari satu individu ke individu lain, tetapi zat tersebut
sangat kecil sehingga tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata dan pada waktu itu belum
dapat diidentifikasi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1. Edwar
Jenner</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1798, Edward Jenner mengamati bahwa
seseorang dapat terhindar dari infeksi variola secara alamiah, bila ia telah
terpajan sebelumnya dengan cacar sapi (cow pox). Sejak saat itu, mulai
dipakailah vaksin cacar walaupun pada waktu itu belum diketahui bagaimana
mekanisme yang sebenarnya terjadi. Memang imunologi tidak akan maju bila tidak
diiringi dengan kemajuan dalam bidang teknologi, terutama teknologi kedokteran.
Dengan ditemukannya mikroskop maka kemajuan dalam bidang mikrobiologi meningkat
dan mulai dapat ditelusuri penyebab penyakit infeksi. Penelitian ilmiah
mengenai imunologi baru dimulai setelah Louis Pasteur pada tahun 1880 menemukan
penyebab penyakit infeksi dan dapat membiak mikroorganisme serta menetapkan
teori kuman (germ theory) penyakit. Penemuan ini kemudian dilanjutkan dengan
diperolehnya vaksin rabies pada manusia tahun 1885. Hasil karya Pasteur ini
kemudian merupakan dasar perkembangan vaksin selanjutnya yang merupakan
pencapaian gemilang di bidang imunologi yang memberi dampak positif pada
penurunan morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit infeksi pada anak.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2. Robert
Koch</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1880, Robert Koch menemukan kuman
penyebab penyakit tuberkulosis. Dalam rangka mencari vaksin terhadap
tuberkulosis ini, ia mengamati adanya reaksi tuberkulin (1891) yang merupakan
reaksi hipersensitivitas lambat pada kulit terhadap kuman tuberkulosis. Reaksi
tuberkulin ini kemudian oleh Mantoux (1908) dipakai untuk mendiagnosis penyakit
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tuberkulosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
pada anak. Imunologi mulai dipakai untuk menegakkan diagnosis penyakit pada
anak. Vaksin terhadap tuberkulosis ditemukan pada tahun 1921 oleh Calmette dan
Guerin yang dikenal dengan vaksin BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin). Kemudian
diketahui bahwa tidak hanya mikroorganisme hidup yang dapat menimbulkan
kekebalan, bahan yang tidak hidup pun dapat menginduksi kekebalan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
Imun Non Spesifik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
kekebalan alami yaitu pertahanan tubuh terdepan dalam menghadapi serangan
berbagai mikroorganisme atau benda asing lain (respon langsung terhadap
antigen). Kekebalan tubuh non spesifik merupakan respon alamiah dari tubuh yang
berfungsi melindungi tubuh dari antigen baik dari lingkungan ekterna maupun
interna. Ada 3 macam yaitu Fisik ( kulit, mukosa, batuk, diare, bersin ); Bahan
larut / biokimia {Ph keringat dan vagina, HCL dilambung, lisozim ( keringat,air
mata dll ), laktoferin (Asi, serum, spermin)}; Selular fagosit, makrofag,
natural killer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika
kuman atau bakteri masuk kedalam tubuh maka terjadi proses rekognisi dimana
antigen itu dicoba dikenali ( self or non self ) sebelum bereaksi, biasanya
dengan menggunakan limfosit. Setelah itu terjadi proses proliferasi dimana limfosit
yang beredar mengirimkan pesan ke nodus limfatik untuk mensensitisasi limfosit
tubuh menjadi limfosit T / limfosit B. Kemudian baru terjadi respon baik itu
humoral dan selular.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertahanan
Humoral </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></h1>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Komplemen</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">plemen
mengaktifkan fagosit dan membantu destruksi bakteri dan parasit dengan jalan
opsonisasi (Gambar 3). Kejadian-kejadian tersebut di atas adalah fungsi sistem
imun nonspesifik, tetapi dapat pula terjadi atas pengaruh respons imun
spesifik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Interferon</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Interferon
adalah suatu glikoprotein yang dihasilkan berbagai sel manusia yang mengandung
nukleus dan dilepas sebagai respons terhadap infeksi virus. Interferon
mempunyai sifat antivirus dengan jalan menginduksi sel-sel sekitar sel yang
telah terserang virus tersebut. Di samping itu, interferon dapat pula
mengaktifkan natural killer cel-sel NK untuk membunuh virus (Gambar 4) dan sel
neoplasma.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C-Reactive'Protein (CRP)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CRP dibentuk
tubuh pada keadaan infeksi. Perannya ialah sebagai opsonin dan dapat
mengaktifkan komplemen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natural</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Killer Cell (sel NK)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Set NK adalah set limfosit tanpa ciri-ciri" set
limfoid sistem imun spesifik yang ditemukan dalam </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">sirkulasi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Oleh karena itu disebut juga set
non B non T atau set populasi ketiga atau null cell. Set NK dapat menghancurkan
set yang mengandung</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">virus atau set neopiasma.
Interferon mempercepat pematangan dan meningkatkan efek sitolitik set NK</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertahanan
Seluler</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fagosit / makrofag dan set NK berperan dalam sistem imun non-spesifik
selular.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fagosit</span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meskipun berbagai set dalam tubuh dapat melakukan fagositosis, set utama
yang berperan pada pertahanan non-spesifik adalah set mononuklear (monosit dan
makrofag) serta set polimorfonuklear seperti neutrofil. Kedua golongan set
tersebut berasal dari set hemopoietik yang sama.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fagositosis dini yang efektif pada invasi kuman akan dapat mencegah
timbuInya penyakit. Proses fagositosis terjadi dalam beberapa tingkat sebagai
berikut: kemotaksis, menangkap, membunuh, dan mencerna.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sistem
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imun</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Spesifik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Berbeda dengan
sistem imun nonspesifik, sistem imun spesifilk mempunyai </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kemampuan
untuk mengenal benda yang dianggap asing bagi dirinya. Benda asing yang pertama
timbul dalam badan yang segera dikenal sistem imun spesifik, akan mensensitasi
sel-sel imun tersebut. Bila set sistem tersebut terpajan ulang dengan benda
asing yang sama, yang akhir akan dikenal lebih cepat dan dihancurkannya. Oleh
karena itu sistem tersebut disebut spesifik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem imun spesifilk dapat bekeria sendifi untuk
menghancurkan benda asing yang berbahaya bagi badan, tetapi pada umumnya
terjalin kerja sama yang baik antara antibodi, komplemen, fagosit dan antara
set T-makrofag. Oleh karena komplemen turut diaktifkan, respons imun yang
terjadi sering disertai dengan reaksi inflamasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Imun Spesifilk Humoral</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang berperan dalam sistem imun spesifik humoral
adalah limfosit B atau set B. Set B tersebut berasal dari set asal multipoten.
Pada unggas set asal tersebut berdiferensiasi menjadi set B di dalam alat yang
disebut Bursa Fabricius yang letaknya dekat kloaka. Bila set B dirangsang benda
asing, set tersebut akan berproliferasi dan berdiferensiasi menjadi set plasma
yang dapat membentuk antibodi. Antibodi yang dilepas dapat ditemukan di dalam
serum. Fungsi utama antibodi ialah mempertahankan tubuh terhadap infeksi
bakteri, virus dan netralisasi toksin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Imun Spesifilk Selular</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang berperan dalam sistem imun spesifilk selular
adalah limfosit T atau set T. Set tersebut juga berasal daril set asal yang
sama seperti set B, tetapi proliferasi dan diferensiasinya terjadi di dalam
kelenjar timus. Berbeda dengan set B, set T terdiri atas beberapa subset set
yang mempunyai fungsi yang berlainan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi se</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T umumnya ialah
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu set
B dalam memproduksi antibodi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenal dan
menghancurkan sel yang terinfeksi virus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengaktifkan
makrofag dalam fagositosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengontrol
ambang dan kualitas sistem imun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme Kerja dan Fungsi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara umum,
mekanisme kerja sistem imun tubuh kita adalah sebagai berikut; saat ada antigen
(benda asing yang masuk ke dalam tubuh) terdeteksi, maka beberapa tipe sel
bekerjasama untuk mencari tahu siapa mereka dan memberikan respons. Sel-sel ini
memicu limfosit B untuk memproduksi antibodi, suatu protein khusus yang
mengarahkan kepada suatu antigen spesifik. Contohnya bila seseorang pernah
terkena cacar maka biasanya individu tersebut tidak terkena penyakit yang sama
lagi atau seandainya terjangkit tidak akan memberikan komplikasi yang fatal serta
cepat pulih. Hal ini juga merupakan mekanisme bagaimana imunisasi mencegah
penyakit tertentu. Sebuah imunisasi mengenalkan tubuh terhadap antigen dengan
cara yang tidak membuat sakit, tapi cukup untuk membuat tubuh memproduksi
antibodi yang akan melindungi seseorang dari serangan penyakit tersebut di masa
depan. Antibodi sendiri bisa menetralisir toksin yang diproduksi dari berbagai
macam organisme, dan juga antibodi bisa mengaktivasi kelompok protein yang
disebut komplemen yang merupakan bagian dari sistem imun dan membantu
menghancurkan bakteri, virus, ataupun sel yang terinfeksi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong>Fungsi Sistem
Imun</strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
Suatu
sistem dalam tubuh tentu memiliki fungsi masing masing, sama halnya dengan <a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/sistem-hormon-pada-manusia"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">sistem
hormon pada manusia</span></a>. Dan berikut adalah fungsi dari sistem imunitas
tersebut:</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Pertahanan</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Fungsi utama dari
sistem ini adalah sebagai sistem pertahanan tubuh, baik itu penyakit yang dapat
menular atau yang disebabkan oleh virus dan bakteri. ( baca : <a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/bakteri/macam-macam-bakteri"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Macam
Macam Bakteri</span></a> )</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseimbangan Homeostatis</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Homeostatis adalah
keseimbangan yang ideal dalam tubuh yang berfungsi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
tubuh dengan cara berinteraksi dengan seluruh sistem yang terdapat dalam tubuh.
Sehingga imunitas ini berfungsi untuk menjaga keseimbangan homeostatis agar
bekerja dengan baik.</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbaikan Jaringan</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Fungsi ketiga adalah
untuk memperbaiki jaringan dengan cara mengeliminasi jaringan sel yang sudah
mati atau rusak dalam tubuh. Selain itu juga untuk mengeliminasi sel yang tidak
normal.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunisasi Aktif dan Pasif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunisasi
Aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunisasi aktif adalah kondisi tubuh
yang dapat membentuk imunitasnya sendiri dengan cara memasukkan vaksin ke
tubuhnya, dengan begitu vaksin tersebut akan merangsang produksi antibodi
sendiri. contohnya vaksin polio, vaksin polio adalah virus polio yang sudah
dilemahkan, ketika masuk ke dalam tubuh, maka akan membuat tubuh memiliki
kekebalan yang lebih agar ketika polio menyerang, tubuh sudah dapat melawannya.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunisasi
Pasif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunitas pasif adalah imunisasi yang
terjadi saat tubuh memperoleh imunitas dengan cara menyuntikan serum pada tubuh
yang didalamnya mengandung antibodi terhadap suatu penyakit. Imunisasi ini
biasanya diberikan saat dalam keadaan darurat yang diperkirakan tidak ada waktu
pembentukan antibodi yang cukup untuk melawan antigen yang masuk dalam tubuh.
Contohnya ketika seseorang digigit ular, maka akan diberikan serum antibisa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari kedua
pengertian diatas dapat kita ketahui perbedaan imunisasi aktif dan pasif,
terutama jika dilihat dari segi waktu pemberiannya dan vaksin yang diberikan.
Jika di imunisasi aktif waktu imunsasi sudah ditentukan seperti imunisasi polio
saat bayi berusia  dan pemberian vaksin lainnya sudah ada waktu yang
dianjurkan. Biasanya vaksin yang diberikan di imunisasi aktif adalah vaksin
yang sudah wajib diberikan saat bayi, bahkan pemerintah sendiri yang
menganjurkan pemberian vaksin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan
untuk imunisasi pasif, waktu yang diberikan tidak menentu. Vaksin bisa
diberikan kepda anak-anak ataupun orang dewasa. Contohnya saat orang digigit
ular di situ diberikan serum antibisa, pemberian imunisasi rabies pasif dan
imunisasi hepatitis A. Ketika orang hendak pergi umrah, biasanya diberikan
vaksin, hal ini berguna untuk mencegah penyakit yang ada di negara yang akan
dikunjungi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
imunisasi tidak selamanya menyelamatkan, namun setidaknya dapat mencegah atau
meringankan. Manfaatnya pun lebih banyak dibandingkan efek sampingnya. Apalagi
bagi balita yang dianjurkan untuk melengkapi imunisasi yang sudah dianjurkan.
Jikalau terlewatkan, maka sebaiknya secepatnya ke dokter untuk segera diberikan
vaksin. Bagi yang akan pergi ke luar negeri yang mana di negara tujuan ada
jenis penyakit yang tidak ada di negaranya sendiri pemberian vaksin juga sangat
diharuskan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
system imun, reaksi hipersensitifitas dan kekurangan sel imun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
system imun</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan autoimun adalah kegagalan fungsi sistem kekebalan
dalam tubuh yang membuat badan menyerang jaringannya sendiri. <span style="color: black;">Reaksi autoimiunitas adalah reaksi system imun terhadaap
antigen sel jaringan sendiri. Antigen tersebut disebut autoantigen, sedang
antibody yang dibentuk disebut autoantibody.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gangguan
autoimun dapat menyebabkan demam. Tetapi gejala berfariasi bergantung pada
gangguan dari bagian badan yang diserang. Beberapa gangguan autoimun
mempengaruhi jenis tertentu dari jaringan tubuh diseluruh tubuh misalnya
pembuluh darah, tulang rawan, atau kulit.Hasil dari peradangan dan kerusakan
jaringan bisa menyebabkan rasa sakit, merusak bentuk sendi, kelemahan, penyakit
kuning, gatal, kerusakan pernapasan, penumpukan cairan, bahkan menyebabkan
kematian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi Hipersensitivitas</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alergi</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">reaksi hipersensitivitas</span> adalah perubahan spesifik,
didapat, pada reaktivitas hospes yang diperantarai oleh mekanisme imunologis
dan menyebabkan respons </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fisiologis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang tidak
menguntungkan (Behrman, 2000).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada keadaan normal, mekanisme pertahanan tubuh baik humoral
maupun selular tergantung pada aktivasi sel B dan sel T. Aktivasi berlebihan
oleh antigen atau gangguan mekanisme ini, akan menimbulkan suatu keadaan
imunopatologik yang disebut reaksi hipersensitivitas (Indonesia Children,
2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipersensitivitas adalah keadaan perubahan reaktivitas,
tubuh bereaksi dengan respon imun berlebihan atau tidak tepat terhadap suatu
benda asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunodefisiensi/Kekurangan
Sel Imun</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imunodefisiensi adalah keadaan dimana
terjadi penurunan atau ketiadaan respon imun normal. Keadaan ini dapat terjadi
secara primer, yang pada umumnya disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik yang
diturunkan, serta secara sekunder akibat penyakit utama lain seperti </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">infeksi</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pengobatan
kemoterapi, sitostatika, radiasi, obat-obatan imunosupresan (menekan sistem
kekebalan tubuh) atau pada usia lanjut dan malnutrisi (Kekurangan gizi).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immunodefisiensi adalah sekumpulan keadaan yang berlainan ,
dimana system kekebalan tidak berfungsi secara adekuat , sehingga infeksi lebih
sering terjadi , lebih sering berulang , luar biasa berat dan berlangsung lebih
lama dari biasanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit imunodefisiensi kombinasi parah adalah gangguan
imunodefisiensi paling serius. Itu bisa disebabkan oleh beberapa kerusakan
genetika berbeda, kebanyakan yang adalah menurun. Salah satu bentuk gangguan
tersebut disebabkan oleh enzim adenosine deaminase. Dahulu, anak dengan
gangguan ini dijaga di ruang isolasi ketat, kadangkala di dalam tenda plastik,
menyebabkan gangguan tersebut disebut ‘<i>sindrom bubble boy</i>’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immunodefisiensi yang didapat biasanya terjadi akibat suatu
penyakit. Immunodefisiensi yang didapat lebih banyak ditemukan dibandingkan
dengan immunodefisiensi kongenital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa penyakit hanya menyebabkan gangguan sistem
kekebalan yang ringan, sedangkan penyakit lainnya menghancurkan kemampuan tubuh
untuk melawan infeksi.</span></div>
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<h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">BAB II</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h3>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imonologi atau </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imunitas adalah resistensi terhadap penyakit terutama penyakit infeksi.
Gabungan sel, molekul dan jaringan yang berperan dalam resistensi terhadap infeksi
disebut sistem imun. Reaksi yang dikoordinasi sel-sel, molekul-molekul terhadap
mikroba dan bahan lainnya disebut respons imun. Sistem imun diperlukan tubuh
untuk mempertahankan keutuhannya terhadap bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan
berbagai bahan dalam lingkungan hidup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis Sistem Imun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sel-Sel Imun Non Spesifik</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Imun Spesifik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Cara Kerja Sistem Imun dalam
Tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sistem imun</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="background: white;">adalah sistem perlindungan pengaruh
luar biologis yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ khusus pada suatu organisme.
Jika sistem kekebalan bekerja dengan benar, sistem ini akan melindungi tubuh
terhadap infeksi bakteri dan virus, serta menghancurkan sel kanker dan zat
asing lain dalam tubuh.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">manfaat Sistem Imun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melindungi
tubuh dari invasi penyebab penyakit;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="background: white;">menghancurkan
& menghilangkan mikroorganisme</span> <span style="background: white;"> </span>atau substansi asing (bakteri, parasit, jamur, dan<b> </b><span style="background: white;">virus, serta tumor) yang masuk ke dalam tubuh</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghilangkan
jaringan atau sel yg mati atau rusak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="background: white;">untuk perbaikan jaringan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenali
dan menghilangkan sel yang abnormal Sasaran utama: bakteri patogen &
virus Leukosit merupakan sel imun utama (disamping sel plasma, makrofag,
& sel mast)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ol>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<em><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Saran Ahli:</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;">Olahraga & istirahat yang cukup</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.
<span style="background: white;">Jalani diet gizi seimban</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;">Bantu dengan
suplemen penguat imun, seperti susu berkolostrum, Vit C</span></span><b><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abdul Ghaffar, Prakash Nagarkatti
(2009). </span><a href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/mhc2000.htm"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN
TRANSPLANTATION”</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. <i>Microbiology and</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Brunner, Suddarth. 2001.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medical
Bedah Edisi 8</span></i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">. Jakarta: EGC.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.medrec07.com/2015/01/definisi-dan-sejarah-imunologi.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.medrec07.com/2015/01/definisi-dan-sejarah-imunologi.html</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://khusnialinurse.blogspot.com/2014/06/makalah-sistem-imunologi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://khusnialinurse.blogspot.com/2014/06/makalah-sistem-imunologi.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2010/03/06/07500742/bagaimana.sistem.imun.%20bekerja"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2010/03/06/07500742/bagaimana.sistem.imun.
bekerja</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://titishest.blogspot.com/2010/10/reaksi-autoimun-hipersensitifitas-dan.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://titishest.blogspot.com/2010/10/reaksi-autoimun-hipersensitifitas-dan.html</span></a></span>Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-14086099391256856702018-12-14T01:23:00.004-08:002018-12-14T01:23:58.975-08:00Makalah Lingkungan Hidup
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lazimnya manusia bergantung pada
bagaimana keadaan lingkungan di sekitarnya yaitu sumber daya alam yang dapat
menunjang kehidupan sehari-hari. Sumber daya alam tersebut yang utama bagi
manusia adalah tanah, air, dan udara. Tanah merupakan tempat manusia untuk
melakukan berbagai kegiatan. Air sangat diperlukan oleh manusia sebagai
komponen tubuh manusia yang terbesar. Untuk menjaga keseimbangan, air sangat
dibutuhkan dengan jumlah yang cukup banyak dan memiliki kualitas yang baik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, udara merupakan sumber
oksigen yang alami bagi pernafasan manusia. Lingkungan yang sehat akan terwujud
apabila manusia dan lingkungannya dalam kondisi yang baik. Lingkungan hidup di
Indonesia perlu ditangani disebabkan adanya sejumlah faktor yang
mempengaruhinya, salah satunya yaitu mengenai keadaan lingkungan hidup seperti
kemerosotan atau degradasi yang terjadi di berbagai daerah. Komponen lingkungan
hidup secara garis besar terbagi tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok biotik (flora dan
fauna darat dan air), kelompok abiotik (sawah, air dan udara) dan kelompok
kultur (ekonomi, sosial, budaya dan kesehatan masyarakat). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan merupakan keadaan sekitar dimana dapat
mempengaruhi perkembangan dan tingkah laku makhluk hidup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi lingkungan hidup? </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis
lingkungan dan contohnya? </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis
kerusakan lingkungan? </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa
saja aktivitas manusia yang menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan? </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa
saja jenis-jenis pencemaran lingkungan?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
penanggulangan pencemaran lingkungan? </span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi Lingkungan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
menyebutkan pengertian lingkungan adalah kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda,
daya, keadaan dan makhluk hidup termasuk manusia dan prilakunya yang
mempengaruhi kelangsungan perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk
hidup lain (Pasal 1 ayat 1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
Umum Lingkungan adalah keadaan sekitar yang mempengaruhi perkembangan dan
tingkah laku makhluk hidup. Segala sesuatu yang ada disekitar manusia yang
mempengaruhi perkembangan kehidupan manusia baik langsung maupun tidak langsung
juga merupakan pengertian lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Wikipedia Pengertian Lingkungan adalah kombinasi antara kondisi fisik yang
mencakup keadaan sumber daya alam seperti tanah, air, energi surya, mineral,
serta flora dan fauna yang tumbuh di atas tanah maupun di dalam lautan, dengan
kelembagaan yang meliputi ciptaan manusia seperti keputusan bagaimana
menggunakan lingkungan fisik tersebut. Lingkungan juga dapat diartikan menjadi
segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar manusia.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis Lingkungan</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
fisik adalah segala benda mati dan keadaan fisik yang ada di sekitar
individu misalnya batu-batuan, mineral, air, udara, unsur-unsur iklim,
kelembaban, angin dan lain-lain. Lingkungan fisik ini berhubungan erat
dengan makhluk hidup yang menghuninya, sebagai contoh mineral yang
dikandung suatu tanah menentukan kesuburan yang erat hubungannya dengan
tanaman yang tumbuh di atasnya. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
biotik adalah segala makhluk hidup yang ada di sekitar individu baik
manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan. Tiap unsur biotik, berinteraksi antar biotik
dan juga dengan lingkungan fisik atau lingkungan abiotik. </span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kerusakan
Lingkungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan hidup disekitar kita semakin hari semakin merosot
kualitasnya. Anda tentu dapat merasakan hal ini, dimana kita sudah mulai
kesulitan memperoleh air bersih ketika kemarau tiba. Atau sebaliknya, kita
selalu terkena banjir jjika musim hujan tiba. Keadaan yang demikian ini tentu
merupakan keprihatinan kita semua. Secara umun masalah-masalah lingkungan yang
dihadapi dewasa ini adaalh sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merosotnya
kuantitas dan kualitas SDA.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tercemarnya
lingkungan fisik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timbulnya
dampak pembangunan fisik yang negatif terhadap lingkungan sosial
ekonomi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timbulnya
dampak pembangunan non fisik yang negatif terhadap lingkungan sosial
ekonomi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Beberapa contoh pencemaran yang banyak terjadi
dalam kehidupan masyarakat antara lain sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran
Tanah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran tanah terjadi akibat pembuangan sampah limbah rumah tangga,
limbah parik, sisa oli dari bengkel kendaraan, dan pemakaian pupuk kimia secara
berlebihan. Akibat dari tindakan-tindakan manusia tersebut maka kesuburan tanah
akan berkurang dan tanah akan teracuni.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran
air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran air banyak terjadi di daerah-daerah sekitar kawasan industri.
Sebagaimana anda ketahui bahwa limbah cair yang berasal dari pabrik,
seperti industri tekstil, banyak sekali mengandung unsur-unsur logam berat,
seperti mercuri dan timbal. Logam berat ini sangat mencemari air sungai secara
kimiawi. Dari kualitas fisik aliran air sungai suhunya menjadi relatif panas
dengan aneka warna akibat limbah dalam proses pencelupan kain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran sungai ini tentunya dapat mengganggu ke stabilan lingkungan
perairan sehingga makhluk hidup yang ada di sekitar sungai akan mati teracuni.
Pencemaran air ini bertambah parah oleh limbah yang dibuang dari penduduk
(limbah rumah tangga), seperti sampah dan limbah MCK (mandi cuci kakus).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran<span style="background: white;"> Udara ( Polusi Udara)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran udara dapat terjadi karena asap yang berasal dari pabrik
maupun kendaraan bermotor yang banyak mengandung gas karbonmonoksida,
karbondioksida, nitrat, cianida, dan sulfat. Selain itu, pencemaran udara
juga beresal dari kebakaran hutan dalam wilayah yang lebih luas, seperti pernah
terjadi di Kalimantan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran udara dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya hujan asam. Hujan asam
adalah hujan yang memiliki derajat tingkat keasaman (pH) lebih kecil dari 5,6.
Air hujan menjadi asam karen terkontaminasi oleh sulfurdioksida dan
oksidanitrogen. Sumber sulfurdioksida yang utama adalah industri dengan bahan
bakar batubara, sedangkan sumberoksida nitrogen adalah kendaraan bermotor.
Hujan asam dapat menyebabkan bangunan keropos, candi menjadi keropos, ekosistem
danau rusak, dan tumbuhan di hutan mati. Hujan asam ini akan terjadi dimana
saja, terutama pada daerah kawasan industri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat lain yang timbul dari pencemaran udara adalah pemanasan global.
hal ini trejadi karena akumulasi gas karbondioksida sebagai gas rumah kaca
dilapisan atmosfer sehingga suhu bumi mengalami kenaikan secara cepat. Pemanasan
global juga terjadi sebagai akibat adanya akumulasi gas CFC (
Chloro-Fluoro-Carbon atau Freon) yang diakibatkan penipisan bahkan pembolongan
ozon stratosfer sehingga sinar ultra violet yang dipancarkan kebumi tidak
mengalami penyaringan terlebih dahulu. Selain suhu semakin tinggi, radiasi
ultraviolrt ini mengakibatkan efek pada kulit berupa penyakit gatal-gatal dan
kanker kulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan<span style="background: white;"> Hutan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa akibat yang ditimbulkan karena penggundulan hutan, antara lain
sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekeringan pada
musim kemarau dan banjir pada musim hujan. Ketika terjadi hujan, presentase air
hujan yang berinfiltrasi kecil sehingga cadangan air tanah sangat sedikit,
sedangkan sebagian besarnya bergerak sebagai air larian permukaan. Gejala ini
mengakibatkan banjir bandang. Hal yang berbanding terbalik terjadi pada musim
kemarau dimana curah hujan sangat sedikit. Pada saat ini, kekeringan dapat
terjadi disetiap wilayah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu udara terasa meningkat. Kadar emisi karbondioksia di
atmosfer yang semakin banyak dan sulit dinetralkan, menyebabkan terjadinya efek
rumah kaca (greenhouse effect), yaitu sinar matahari yang sampai kepermukaan
bumi tidak dapt dipantulkan ke angkasa karena tertahan pada lapisan CO2.
Keadaan demikian mengakibatkan suhu permukaan bumi semakin bertambah panas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadinya longsor. Terjadinya tanah longsor sangat terkait
dngan aktivitas penebangan hutan yang makin merajalela. Banjir dan
longsor merupakan dua peristiwa yang erat kaitannya dengan hutan dan gundulnya
kawasan hutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menumpuknya<span style="background: white;"> Sampah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampah di perkotaan terkadang terjadi penumpukan. Hal ini tentu sangat
menghawatirkan karena dapat merusak lingkungan perkotaan. Penumpukan sampar
terjadi tidak hanya karena semakin padatnya penduduk, tetapi sebagai akibat
sulitnya membangun Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah (TPA). Keadaan ini
menyebabkan semakin lama sampah semakin bertumpuk ditempat-tempat pembuangan
sementara, seperti bak-bak sampah sekitar tempat tinggal penduduk. Penumpukan
sampah ini jelas menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan, seperti menebarnya bau
busuk, lalat, dan timbulnya berbagai penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas
Manusia Yang Menyebabkan Kerusakan Lingkungan</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia dan lingkungan merupakan dua hal yang tidak
dapat dipisahkan. Manusia membutuhkan lingkungan untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Sebagian
besar aktivitas manusia melibatkan lingkungan, baik secara langsung maupun
tidak langsung. Hubungan atau interaksi antara manusia dengan lingkungan ini
jika dilakukan dengan tidak bertanggung jawab akan mengganggu keseimbangan dan
kelestarian alam. Terganggunya keseimbangan dan kelestarian alam akan berdampak
pada kehidupan manusia. Berikut beberapa contoh di antaranya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan
perumahan yang tidak terencana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat
tinggal merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia. Seiring bertambahnya
jumlah penduduk, kebutuhan akan tempat tinggal tentu semakin meningkat.
Akibatnya, terjadi perubahan penggunaan lahan. Lahan pertanian yang tadinya
luas, sedikit demi sedikit berubah fungsi menjadi pemukiman. Dengan dibangunnya
perumahan mengakibatkan berkurangnya hutan dan lahan pertanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penebangan
pohon dan pembakaran hutan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pepohonan
sangat penting bagi kehidupan di Bumi. Jadi, penebangan pohon harus dilakukan
secara hati-hati dan disertai dengan usaha pelestariannya. Penebangan hutan
harus disertai dengan penanaman kembali benih-benih pohon yang telah ditebang.
Benih-benih ini akan tumbuh dan dapat menggantikan pohon-pohon yang telah
ditebang. Penebangan hutan liar mengurangi fungsi hutan sebagai penahan
air. Akibatnya, daya dukung hutan menjadi berkurang. Hilangnya habitat dan
makhluk hidup serta musnahnya spesies hewan dan tumbuhan dapat terjadi akibat
penebangan pohon yang tidak terkendali. Ada lagi masalah yang timbul, misalnya
tanah longsor, banjir, dan kebakaran hutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambangan
pasir di laut</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan penambangan juga dapat mengubah permukaan
bumi. Sebagian besar bahan tambang berada di dalam tanah. Pengambilan bahan
tambang dengan cara digali atau ditambang. Selain penambangan terbuka dan
penambangan bawah tanah, ada juga cara lainnya yaitu pengerukan. Pengerukan
merupakan cara lain yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan logam-logam yang terendap
di dalam batuan di dasar sungai atau sumber air lainnya. Kegiatan ini
menyebabkan abrasi dan rusaknya pantai sehingga merusak ekosistem laut.
Kegiatan ini juga dapat menenggelamkan pulau dan memengaruhi keseimbangan
ekosistem ikan dan makhluk air lainnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi
merupakan masuknya zat atau bahan-bahan berbahaya lainnya ke dalam lingkungan
pada kadar membahayakan manusia. Polusi juga dapat menyebabkan menurunnya
kualitas lingkungan sehingga membahayakan makhluk hidup yang ada di dalam
lingkungan tersebut. Zat-zat atau bahan yang menyebabkan terjadinya polusi
dinamakan polutan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi udara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
polutan penyebab polusi udara umumnya berasal dari sisa pembakaran bahan bakar,
seperti pembakaran batu bara di pabrik dan pembakaran BBM dari kendaraan
bermotor. Sumber lain polutan udara yaitu pembakaran lahan dan hutan. Polusi
udara dapat menyebabkan sesak napas, batuk, dan aneka penyakit mata.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polutan
penyebab polusi air dapat berasal dari limbah cair pabrik, limbah pertanian,
limbah rumah tangga, sampah organik, dan logam berat.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi tanah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampah
dapat menjadi polutan yang menyebabkan terjadinya polusi tanah. Bahan-bahan
seperti plastik, kaca, logam, dan insektisida merupakan polutan yang sukar
diuraikan oleh dekomposer. Akibatnya, bahan-bahan tersebut akan menumpuk dan
terbenam dalam tanah. Tanah seperti ini akan berkurang porositasnya.
Insektisida dalam tanah juga dapat menyebabkan terbunuhnya makhluk hidup lain
yang justru berguna bagi manusia. Tanah yang tercemar logam berat pun dapat
mengganggu organisme yang hidup di dalam tanah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis
Pencemaran Lingkungan </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran berdasarkan tempat terjadinya terbagi
menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu pencemaran air, pencemaran udara, dan pencemaran
tanah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran air</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air merupakan kebutuhan pokok seluruh makhluk hidup.
Di dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari air banyak kegunaannya, misalnya untuk
minum, mencuci, memasak, dan mandi. Air juga digunakan untuk keperluan lain
seperti, untuk mengairi sawah dan ladang, serta untuk kegiatan industri,
Selain dibutuhkan oleh manusia, air juga dibutuhkan oleh tumbuhan-tumbuhan dan
hewan. Dengan demikian semua makhluk hidup membutuhkan air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan PP no 82 tahun 2001 pasal 8 tentang
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, klasifikasi dan kriteria mutu air ditetapkan
menjadi 4 kelas yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas 1 : yaitu air yang dapat digunakan untuk bahan
baku air minum atau peruntukan lainnya mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas 2 : air yang dapat digunakan untuk prasarana/
sarana rekreasi air, budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, dan pertanian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas 3 : air yang dapat digunakan untuk budidaya
ikan air tawar, peternakan dan pertanian </span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kelas 4 : air yang
dapat digunakan untuk mengairi pertanaman/ pertanian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pemanfaatan air
yang kurang baik untuk berbagai keperluan manusia dapat menimbulkan
pencemaran. Pencemaran air adalah masuknya komponen-komponen </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tambahan</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> seperti zat, energi, unsur, atau komponen lain ke dalam
air sehingga kualitas air tertanggu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran air meliputi
pencemaran air sungai, air danau, air laut, dan air tanah terjadi akibat
aktivitas manusia yang </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">tidak
memperhatikan kualitas air yang digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air dikatakan tercemar bilamana terjadi perubahan
komposisi atau k<span style="background: black; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> </span>ondisi
yang diakibatkan oleh adanya kegiatan atau hasil kegiatan manusia sehingga
secara langsung maupun tidak langsung air menjadi tidak layak untuk semua
fungsi atau tujuan pemanfaatan sebagaimana kewajaran air yang dalam keadaan
alami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri yang dapat
diamati pada air yang tercemar, yaitu sebagai beikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
perubahan suhu air</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan suhu air dapat menyebabkan kadar oksigen
(O<sub>2</sub>) dalam air berkurang. Peningkatan suhu air dapat terjadi akibat
aktivitas industri yang menggunakan air sebagai bahan pendingin mesin. Air
bersuhu lebih tinggi yang dibuang oleh pabrik industri ke sungai dapat
meningkatkan suhu air sungai. Akibatnya, kandungan oksigen dalam
air sungai berkurang sehingga mengganggu ekosistem yang berada dalam air
sungai. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
pH</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH air merupakan tingkat keasaman atau kebasaan air.
Air yang tidak tercemar memiliki pH antara 6,5-7,5. Sifat air bergantung pada
besar kecilnya pH. Air yang memiliki pH lebih kecil dari pH normal akan
bersifat asam, sedangkan air yang memilki pH lebih besar dari pH normal akan
bersifat basa. Perubahan pH air tergantung pada polutan air tersebut. Air yang
memiliki pH lebih kecil atau lebih besar dari kisaran pH normal tidak sesuai
untuk kehidupan bakteri asidofil atau organisme lainnya yang hidup di air.
Perubahan pH air dapat terjadi akibat masuknya limbah atau bahan pencemar ke
dalam air sehingga air menjadi tercemar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
warna, bau dan rasa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air bersih yang tidak tercemar memiliki warna
bening, jernih, tidak berbau, dan tidak berasa. Perubahan warna, bau dan rasa
pada air dapat terjadi akibat masuknya pencemar (<i>polutan</i>) ke dalam air
baik, baik yang berasal dari limbah organik maupun anorganik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbulnya</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> endapan dan bahan terlarut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air dari pabrik membawa sejumlah padatan dan
partikel baik yang larut maupun mengendap. Bahan ini ada yang kasar dan halus.
Endapan dan bahan terlarut dalam air yang berasal dari buangan pabrik mengandung
senyawa kimia beracun dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Selain itu, endapan dan
bahan kimia terlarut dalam air dapat menghalangi masuknya sinar matahari yang
sangat dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme dalam air untuk melakukan fotosintesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
Mikroba Patogen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mirkoorganisne di dalam air berguna untuk
menguraikan bahan-bahan pencemar yang masuk ke dalam air. Apabila behan-behan
pencemar yang masuk ke dalam air semakin banyak, maka jumlah mikroorganismepun
akan berkembangbiak semakin banyak. Di antara mikroorganisme tersebut
memungkinkan adanya mikroba pathogen, yaitu mikroba pembawa penyakit, seperti
bakteri coli dan virus.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran Udara</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia merupakan negara di dunia yang paling
banyak memiliki gunung berapi. Di Indonesia terdapat 128 gunung berapi ( 13 %
dari jumlah gunung berapi di dunia). Oleh sebab itu Indonesia mudah mengalami
pencemaran secara alami. Selain itu adanya kebakaran hutan akibat musim kemarau
panjang ataupun pembakaran hutan yang disengaja untuk pembukaan lahan pertanian
menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran udara yang cukup menghawatirkan. Aktivitas
industri dan transportasi juga penyumbang pencemaran udara yang cukup besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaaan normal, udara mengandung sejumlah
unsure gas dengan komposisi yang seimbang. Unsur-unsur tersebut diantaranya
Nitrogen, Oksigen, Argon, karbondioksida, serta unsur-unsur lainnya dengan
jumlah yang relative kecil. Pada Tabel 4.1 berikut adalah komposisi udara dalam
keadaan normal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
4.1. Komposisi Udara Normal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambang Unsur</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume (%)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nitrogen</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">78,08</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksigen</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20,95</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Argon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,93</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbondioksida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,0340</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ne</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,0018</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Helium</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">He</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00052</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ozon</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00006</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogen</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00005</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Krypton</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.9pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kr</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00011</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metan</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.9pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>4</sub></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00015</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.</span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Xenon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.9pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Xe</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kecil sekali</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan komposisi berlebihan dapat menimbulkan
pencemaran udara. Pencemaran udara adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya bahan-bahan
atau zat-zat asing ke udara yang menyebabkan perubahan susunan (komposisi)
udara dari keadaan normalnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
Tanah</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran tanah merupakan keadaan di mana bahan
kimia buatan manusia masuk dan merubah lingkungan tanah alami. Pencemaran tanah
dapat disebabkan oleh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Kebocoran limbah
cair industri atau yang sengaja dibuang ke tanah ; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">b)
penggunaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestisida" title="Pestisida"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pupuk</span></a><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> kimia buatan secara berlebihan dalam pertanian; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) masuknya air
permukaan tanah tercemar ke dalam lapisan tanah; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d) kecelakaan
kendaraaan pengangkut </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak" title="Minyak"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">minyak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, zat kimia, atau limbah; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">e)
limbah rumah tangga yang dibuang sembarangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">f)
Limbah reaktor atom dari PLTN.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran yang masuk ke dalam tanah akan terendap
sebagai zat kimia beracun di tanah. Zat beracun di tanah tersebut dapat
berdampak kepada kesehatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">manusia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau dapat mencemari air tanah
dan udara di atasnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<strong><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong>Penanggulangan
Pencemaran</strong></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Penanggulangan
secara administratif</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
Penanggulangan
secara administratif terhadap pencemaran lingkungan merupakan tugas pemerintah,
yaitu dengan membuat peraturan-peraturan atau undang-undang. Beberapa peraturan
yang telah dikeluarkan, antara lain sebagai berikut :</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pabrik
tidak boleh menghasilkan produk (barang) yang dapat mencemari lingkungan.
Misalnya, pabrik pembat lemari es, AC dan sprayer tidak boleh menghasilkan
produk yang menggunakan gas CFC sehingga dapat menyebabkan penipisan dan
berlubangnya lapisan ozon di stratofer.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Industri
harus memiliki unit-unit pengolahan limbah (padat, cair, dan gas) sehingga
limbah yang dibuang ke lingkungansudah terbebas dari zat-zat yang membahayakan
lingkungan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pembuangan
sampah dari pabrik harus dilakukan ke tempat-tempat tertentu yang jauh dari
pemukiman.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sebelum
dilakukan pembangunan pabrik atau proyek-proyek industri harus dilakukan
analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan (AM-DAL).</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pemerintah
mengeluarkan buku mutu lingkungan, artinya standar untuk menentukan mutu suatu
lingkungan. Untuk lingkungan air ditentukan baku mutu air , sedangkan untuk
lingkungan udara ditentukan baku mutu udara. Dalam buku mutua air, antara lain
tercantum batasan kadar bahan pencemar logam berat, misalnya fosfor dan
merkuri. Didalam buku mutu udara, antara lain tercantum batasan kadar bahan
pencemar, misalnya gas CO2 dan CO. Pemerintah akan memberikan sanksi kepada
pabrik yang menghasilkan limbah dengan bahan pencemar yang melebihi standar
baku mutu.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Penanggulangan
secara teknologis</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Penanggulangan
pencemaran lingkungan secara teknologis, misalnya menggunakan peralatan untuk
mengolah sampah atau limbah. Di surabaya terdapat suatu tempat pembakaran akhir
sampah dengan suhu yang sangat tinggi sehingga tidak membuang asap. Tempat
tersebut dinamakan insenerator.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Penanggulangan
secara Edukatif</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Penangkalan
pencemaran secara edukatif dilakukan melalui jalur pendidikan baik formal
maupun nonformal. Melalui pendidikan formal, disekolah dimasukkan pengetahuan
tentang lingkungan hidup tentang lingkungan hidup kedalam mata pelajaran yang
terkait, misalnya IPA dan Pendidikan agama. Melalui jalur pendidikan nonformal
dilakukan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang pentingnya pelestarian
lingkungan dan pencegahan serta penanggulangan pencemaran lingkungan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Dengan penyuluhan
dan pendidikan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kesadaran baik secara individu
maupun secara berkelompok untuk memahami pentingnya kelestarian lingkungan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan
adalah segala sesuatu yang ada disekitar manusia ya mempengaruhi perkembangan
kehidupan manusia baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur-unsur
lingkungan hidup dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu : 1) Unsur hayati
(biotik), yaitu unsur lingkungan hidup yang terdiri dari makhluk hidup, seperti
manusia hewan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan jasad renik. 2) Unsur sosial budaya, yaitu
lingkungan sosial dan budaya yang dibuat manusia yang merupakan sistem nilai,
gagasan, dan keyakinan dalam perilaku sebagai makhluk sosial. 3) Unsur fisik
(abiotik) yaitu unsur lingkungan hidup yang terdiri dari benda-benda tidak
hidup, seperti, tanah, air, udara, iklim, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
faktor penyebabnya, bentuk kerusakan lingkungan hidup dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis
yaitu : Bentuk kerusakan lingkungan hidup akibat peristiwa alam dan karena
faktor manusia antara lain : Terjadinya pencemaran (pencemaran udara, air,
tanah, dan suara) sebagai dampak adanya kawasan industri, atau terjadinya
banjir, sebagai dampak buruknya drainase atau sistem pembuangan air dan
kesalahan dalam menjaga daerah aliran sungai dan dampak pengrusakan hutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekiranya pencemaran lingkungan ini adalah masalah
kita bersama, untuk itu selaku insan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang bertanggung jawab dan
memegang teguh konsep keseimbangan alam, maka sudah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sepantasnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kita menjaga dan merawat lingkungan, mulai dari lingkungan tempat tinggal kita
sehingga nantinya akan tercipta lingkungan yang sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saleha Sitti.2009. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Lingkungan dan Penanggulangannya</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Salemba
Medika: Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blog.ruangguru.com/jenis-jenis-kerusakan-lingkungan-hidup"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://blog.ruangguru.com/jenis-jenis-kerusakan-lingkungan-hidup</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.damaruta.com/2014/11/apa-saja-kegiatan-manusia-yang-merusak.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.damaruta.com/2014/11/apa-saja-kegiatan-manusia-yang-merusak.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://kiarapedes2.blogspot.com/2011/01/jenis-jenis-pencemaran-lingkungan.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://kiarapedes2.blogspot.com/2011/01/jenis-jenis-pencemaran-lingkungan.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://geograph88.blogspot.com/2014/02/jenis-lingkungan-hidup.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://geograph88.blogspot.com/2014/02/jenis-lingkungan-hidup.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://duniaparapelajar.wordpress.com/tag/penanggulangan-pencemaran/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://duniaparapelajar.wordpress.com/tag/penanggulangan-pencemaran/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
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<w:WordDocument>
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<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
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<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
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<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
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<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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<![endif]-->Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-54777709115459758462018-12-14T01:19:00.004-08:002018-12-14T01:19:57.437-08:00Sejarah Terbentuknya Danau Toba<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang Masalah </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau Toba adalah salah satu Danau terbesar, baik di
Indonesia ataupun di dunia. Danau ini memiliki luas sekitar 1.00 km x 30 km. Di
tengah Danau tersebut terdapat sebuah Pulau besar, yaitu Pulau Samosir yang
berada pada ketinggian 1000 meter di atas permukaan laut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Craig A. Chesner (1997), terjadi 3 letusan : 1.)
840.000 tahun lalu : terjadi letusan di daerah Porsea yang kemudian membentuk
Kaldera Porsea. Pada letusan ini, terjadi lontaran material sebanyak 500 km
kubik andesit-riolit dan menyisahkan lapisan tuff setebal 300 m; 2.) 501.000
tahun lalu : terjadi letusan di daerah Haranggaol yang membentuk Kaldera
Haranggaol. Pada letusan ini, terjadi lontaran material 60 km kubik riolit dan
menyisahkan lapisan tuff setebal lebih dari 140 m; 3.) 74.000 tahun lalu :
terjadi letusan yang menyatukan Kaldera-Kaldera Toba dengan panjang 100 km dan
lebar 30 km (Ahmad Arif, Kompas, 119 Mei 2014). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letusan Gunung Toba merupakan letusan gunung berapi yang
paling dahsyat yang pernah diketahui di planet Bumi ini dan hampir memusnahkan
generasi umat manusia di planet Bumi. 4.000 tahun yang lalu, letusan dari
supervolcano di Indonesia hampir memusnahkan seluruh umat manusia, hanya
sedikit yang selamat. Kedahsyatan letusan Gunung Toba memang sangat terkenal
dan merupakan 3 besar letusan volcano terdahsyat di planet bumi. Dan dikabarkan
juga matahari sampai tertutup selama 6 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang di atas, masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah Terbentuknya danau toba</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kawasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Toba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik dari Danau Toba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemanfaatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Danau Toba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Danau Toba adalah danau
dengan luas paling besar di Indonesia sekaligus Asia Tenggara. </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2016/03/danau-dan-gunung-batur-kawasan-geopark.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> ini juga selain
menjadi lokasi wisata, juga menjadi lokasi berbagai penelitian ataupun proyek
ilmiah karena keunikannya. Letak Danau Toba sendiri berada di Provinsi Sumatera
Utara ini memiliki pulau di tengah-tengahnya, yang bernama Pulau Samosir. Nama danau
Toba begitu tersohor hingga ke penjuru dunia berkat berbagai hal. Tentu yang
diketahui orang awan adalah keindahan alamnya, tetapi ada sisi-sisi lain yang
menjadi menarik oleh kalangan ilmuwan. Sisi menarik tersebut adalah tentang
sejarah pembentukan Danau Toba, karakteristik Danau Toba, serta lokasi
astronomis dan geografis dari danau ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diperkirakan
Danau Toba terjadi saat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledakan" title="Ledakan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ledakan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekitar 73.000-75.000 tahun yang lalu dan merupakan letusan
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">supervolcano</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (gunung berapi super) yang paling baru. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rose" title="Bill Rose"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bill Rose</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Chesner" title="Craig Chesner"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Craig Chesner</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University" title="Michigan Technological University"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Michigan
Technological University</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
memperkirakan bahwa bahan-bahan vulkanik yang dimuntahkan gunung itu sebanyak
2.800 km³, dengan 800 km³ batuan ignimbrit dan 2.000 km³ abu vulkanik yang
diperkirakan tertiup angin ke barat selama 2 minggu. Debu vulkanik yang ditiup
angin telah menyebar ke separuh bumi, dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sampai ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Afrika Selatan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Letusannya terjadi selama 1 minggu dan lontaran debunya
mencapai 10 km di atas permukaan laut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejadian
ini menyebabkan kematian massal dan pada beberapa spesies juga diikuti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepunahan" title="Kepunahan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kepunahan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Menurut beberapa bukti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, letusan ini juga menyusutkan
jumlah manusia sampai sekitar 60% dari jumlah populasi manusia bumi saat itu,
yaitu sekitar 60 juta manusia. Letusan itu juga ikut menyebabkan terjadinya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_es" title="Zaman es"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zaman es</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, walaupun para ahli masih memperdebatkannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
letusan tersebut, terbentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kaldera</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang kemudian terisi oleh air dan menjadi yang sekarang
dikenal sebagai Danau Toba. Tekanan ke atas oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" title="Magma"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">magma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang belum keluar menyebabkan
munculnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Samosir" title="Pulau Samosir"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pulau Samosir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<br />
Tim peneliti multidisiplin internasional, yang dipimpin oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Michael_Petraglia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dr. Michael Petraglia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dr.
Michael Petraglia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
mengungkapkan dalam suatu konferensi pers di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oxford</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bahwa telah ditemukan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs" title="Situs"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">situs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arkeologi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> baru yang cukup spektakuler oleh para ahli </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">geologi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di selatan dan utara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di situs itu terungkap bagaimana
orang bertahan hidup, sebelum dan sesudah letusan gunung berapi (<i>supervolcano</i>)
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada 74.000 tahun yang lalu, dan bukti tentang adanya
kehidupan di bawah timbunan abu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Toba" title="Gunung Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunung Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Padahal sumber letusan berjarak 3.000 </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dari sebaran abunya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama
tujuh tahun, para ahli dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oxford</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> University tersebut meneliti projek </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ekosistem</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk mencari bukti adanya kehidupan dan peralatan hidup
yang mereka tinggalkan di padang yang gundul. Daerah dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas" title="Luas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ribuan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektare" title="Hektare"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hektare</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini ternyata hanya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sabana</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (padang rumput). Sementara tulang
belulang hewan berserakan. Tim menyimpulkan, daerah yang cukup luas ini
ternyata ditutupi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">debu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari letusan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gunung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berapi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba" title="Purba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">purba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<br />
Penyebaran debu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gunung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Berapi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berapi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> itu sangat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas" title="Luas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ditemukan hampir di seluruh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dunia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Berasal dari sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupsi" title="Erupsi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">erupsi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">supervolcano</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba" title="Purba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">purba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Toba" title="Gunung Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunung Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dugaan mengarah ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Toba" title="Gunung Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunung Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, karena ditemukan bukti bentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">debu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanik" title="Vulkanik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vulkanik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang sama di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2100" title="2100"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2100</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> titik. Sejak </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kaldera</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawah" title="Kawah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kawah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang kini jadi danau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, hingga 3000 </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dari sumber letusan. Bahkan yang
cukup mengejutkan, ternyata </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyebaran&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penyebaran (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyebaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> debu itu sampai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terekam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Terekam (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terekam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hingga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub" title="Kutub"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kutub</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utara" title="Utara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Utara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Hal ini mengingatkan para ahli,
betapa dahsyatnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letusan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Letusan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">letusan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Super (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">super</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gunung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Berapi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berapi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kala itu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koordinat 2o21’32” – 2o56’28” Lintang Utara dan
98o26’35” – 99o15’40” Bujur Timur adalah koordinat letak Danau Toba pada peta.
Koordinat Lintang Utara menunjukkan bahwa Danau Toba </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terletak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tidak jauh dari garis khatulistiwa. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan Danau Toba dan sekitarnya
memiliki </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2016/11/pengertian-unsur-unsur-dan-jenis-jenis-iklim-di-indonesia.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iklim</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tropis, yang mana waktu penyinaran matahari hampir sama di tiap bulannya. Iklim
tropis ini juga memungkinkan berbagai spesies dari tumbuhan dan hewan dapat
tumbuh dengan baik. Vegetasi dari berbagai tumbuhan juga terdapat banyak di
sekitar Danau Toba karena tanahnya yang subur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika hal diatas adalah letak Danau Toba secara
astronomis, maka selanjutnya adalah </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2016/11/pengertian-letak-geografis-dan-astronomis-wilayah-indonesia.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">letak geografis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dari danau yang super besar ini. Secara administratif dan geografis, Danau Toba
dikelilingi oleh 7 kabupaten di sekitarnya. Dapat dibayangkan seberapa luasnya
danau ini. Kabupaten-kabupaten tersebut adalah Kabupaten Simalungun, Tobasa
(Toba Samosir), Tapanuli Utara, Humbang Hasundutan, Dairi, Karo, dan Samosir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekosistem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekosistem kawasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Toba memiliki nilai ekologi, sosial
budaya dan ekonomi bagi kehidupan manusia serta memiliki keterkaitan ekologis
yang tidak terpisahkan dengan ekosistem kawasan sekitarnya. Ekosistem kawasan
Danau Toba mengalami tekanan/stres yang mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan
fungsi alam dan ekosistem, menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap perlindungan
keseimbangan ekosistem, kelestarian alam, dan daya dukung lingkungan hidup. Hal
ini disebabkan karena kegiatan sosial ekonomi yang memanfaatkan sumber daya
alam secara tidak benar. Oleh sebab itu, sebagai solusi perlu didekati secara
ekosistem yakni suatu pendekatan yang mengintegrasikan faktor-faktor ekologi,
ekonomi, dan sosial yang mempengaruhi suatu entitas ekosistem bukan berdasarkan
batas-batas politik maupun sektoral, dengan kata lain menempatkan upaya
pemulihan, pelestarian, pengawasan, dan pemanfaatan komponen-komponen ekosistem
dengan memperhatikan azas manfaat ekosistem terhadap kesejahteraan dan
keberlanjutan sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan hidup masyarakat yang berada di
ekosistem kawasan Danau Toba. Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan agar
diperoleh keberhasilan pemupukan dan pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh pada tanaman
kopi arabika, di antaranya dosis/konsentrasi yang harus tepat, tepat waktu
pemberian (pagi-sore), tepat jenis pupuk/ZPT yang dipilih, tepat fase
pertumbuhan tanaman, dan tepat lingkungan dalam arti luas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem danau dapat disimpulkan
bahwa :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
ekologis dari danau adalah mencegah kekeringan dan banjir serta dalam
kaitannya dengan penyediaan air bersih, baik untuk minum, irigasi maupun
industri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan
yang terjadi di Danau Toba terjadi akibat penebangan pohon secara semaunya
tanpa memperhatikan keseimbangan lingkungan, berkurangnya sumber air danau
karena digunakan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari, serta sarana transpotasi
berupa kapal turut dianggap mencemari lingkungan perairan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upaya
perbaikan yang dilakukan yaitu dengan Pertukaran pengalaman dalam
me-manage kawasan perairan danau, transfer of low-cost (alternatif
teknologi untuk me-manage air buangan (wastewater) di masyarakat kecil
(small communities), dan transfer teknologi untuk mengontrol water
hyacinth.</span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora" title="Flora"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Flora</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di danau ini meliputi berbagai jenis </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fitoplankton</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makrofita&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Makrofita (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">makrofita</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kecil, makrofita </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengambang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan makrofita terbenam, sedangkan
daratan sekitarnya ditutupi hutan hujan, termasuk jenis </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hutan_pinus_tropis_Sumatera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hutan pinus tropis Sumatera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hutan pinus tropis Sumatera</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di daerah pegunungan yang lebih
tinggi. </span></div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fauna</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di danau ini meliputi beberapa spesies </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zooplankton</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan hewan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentos" title="Bentos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bentos</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Karena danau ini </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotrof" title="Oligotrof"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oligotrof</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (tidak kaya nutrien), ikan aslinya tergolong langka. Hanya
ada dua ikan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">endemik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di danau ini, yaitu </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasbora_tobana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rasbora tobana (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rasbora
tobana</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (bisa
disebut hampir endemik karena juga ditemukan di sungai-sungai yang bermuara di
danau ini) dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolissochilus_thienemanni&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Neolissochilus thienemanni (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolissochilus thienemanni</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, biasa disebut ikan Batak. Spesies
yang disebutkan terakhir itu terancam oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">deforestasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (penyebab </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siltasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Siltasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siltasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), polusi, perubahan ketinggian air,
dan spesies ikan baru yang </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies_pendatang" title="Spesies pendatang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">didatangkan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke danau ini. Spesies ikan asli lainnya adalah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aplocheilus_panchax&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aplocheilus panchax (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aplocheilus
panchax</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemacheilus_pfeifferae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nemacheilus pfeifferae (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nemacheilus pfeifferae</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homaloptera_gymnogaster&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Homaloptera gymnogaster (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homaloptera gymnogaster</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_gachua" title="Channa gachua"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Channa gachua</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channa_striata&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Channa striata (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Channa
striata</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarias_batrachus" title="Clarias batrachus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Clarias batrachus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbonymus_gonionotus" title="Barbonymus gonionotus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Barbonymus
gonionotus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbonymus_schwanenfeldii" title="Barbonymus schwanenfeldii"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Barbonymus
schwanenfeldii</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danio_albolineatus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Danio albolineatus (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Danio
albolineatus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochilus_vittatus" title="Osteochilus vittatus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Osteochilus vittatus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntius_binotatus" title="Puntius binotatus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Puntius binotatus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasbora_jacobsoni&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rasbora jacobsoni (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rasbora
jacobsoni</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_tambra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tor tambra (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tor
tambra</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betta_imbellis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Betta imbellis (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Betta
imbellis</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betta_taeniata&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Betta taeniata (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Betta
taeniata</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monopterus_albus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Monopterus albus (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Monopterus
albus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Spesies
ikan pendatang meliputi </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabas_testudineus" title="Anabas testudineus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anabas testudineus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_mossambicus" title="Oreochromis mossambicus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oreochromis
mossambicus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_niloticus" title="Oreochromis niloticus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oreochromis
niloticus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopharyngodon_idella&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ctenopharyngodon idella (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ctenopharyngodon idella</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio" title="Cyprinus carpio"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cyprinus carpio</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osphronemus_goramy&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Osphronemus goramy (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Osphronemus
goramy</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichogaster_pectoralis" title="Trichogaster pectoralis"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trichogaster
pectoralis</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichopodus_trichopterus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Trichopodus trichopterus (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trichopodus trichopterus</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilia_reticulata&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Poecilia reticulata (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Poecilia
reticulata</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiphophorus_hellerii&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Xiphophorus hellerii (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xiphophorus hellerii</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Danau Toba</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau Toba memiliki ukuran panjang sekitar 100
kilometer dengan lebar sekitar 30 kilometer. Ukuran tersebut yang membuat danau
ini termasuk salah satu danau terbesar di dunia. Luasan Danau ini juga membuat
akses transportasi dari sisi luar Danau Toba ke Pulau Samosir bahkan tersedia
moda transportasi umum berupa kapal ferry. Memiliki kedalaman hingga 505 meter
atau setara dengan 1.666 kaki, menjadikan danau ini sebagai salah satu </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2016/12/pemegang-rekor-danau-terdalam-di-dunia.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">danau yang paling dalam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Kedalaman di berbagai lokasi di danau tersebut juga berbeda-beda, menyumbang
terhadap bermacam-macamnya spesies hewan ataupun tumbuhan yang hidup di
dalamnya. Luas permukaan air dari danau ini sendiri adalah sebesar 1.124 km2
dengan permukaan danau berada di ketinggian 903 m diatas permukaan laut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik morfologi dari Danau Toba ini memiliki
dua </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2017/12/cekungan-sedimen-dalam-kerangka-tektonik-lempeng.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cekungan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
utama, yaitu cekungan utara dan cekungan selatan yang dipisahkan oleh Pulau
Samosir. Letak Danau Toba yang unik ini juga membuat adanya hewan endemik yang
hanya ada di Danau Toba. Hewan tersebut adalah ikan dengan nama latin
Neolissochilus thienemanni sumtranus dan spesies kerang Corbicula tobae.
Sayangnya, jenis ikan tersebut kini sudah berada di ambang kepunahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau Toba merupakan salah satu warisan alam
Indonesia yang sangat berharga dan strategis. Letak Danau Toba yang berada di
tengah-tengah 7 kabupaten juga berperan sebagai penghubung dan sumber aktivitas
masyarakat di sekitarnya. Seperti lokasi-lokasi strategis lainnya, Danau ini
pun tidak luput dari kerusakan alam yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Oleh
karena itu, mari kita jaga bersama warisan alam Indonesia yang sangat berharga
ini, untuk kelangsungan hidup masyarakat Indonesia terutama warga di sekitar
Danau Toba.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Danau Toba</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau Toba merupakan sebuah kawasan Daerah Tangkapan
Air-DTA (Catchment Area) raksasa dan sangat vital bagi kehidupan masyarakat di
sekitarnya. Siklus pergantian air 110-280 tahun merupakan salah satu keunikan
Danau Toba karena siklus perputaran air danau-danau sedunia rata-rata hanya 17
tahun. Danau Toba merupakan sumber daya air yang mempunyai nilai yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sangat penting ditinjau dari fungsi ekologi,
hidrologi, serta fungsi ekonomi. Hal ini berkaitan dengan fungsi Danau Toba
sebagai habitat berbagai jenis organisme air, sebagai sumber air minum bagi
masyarakat sekitarnya, sebagai sumber air untuk kegiatan pertanian dan budidaya
perikanan serta untuk menunjang berbagai jenis industri, seperti kebutuhan air
untuk industri pembangkit listrik Sigura-gura dan Asahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, fungsi Danau Toba sebagai kawasan wisata
yang sudah terkenal ke mancanegara dan sangat potensial untuk pengembangan
kepariwisataan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Danau Toba juga merupakan suatu
perairan yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh beberapa sector seperti pertanian,
perikanan, pariwisata, perhubungan dan juga merupakan sumber air minum bagi masyarakat
di kawasan Danau Toba.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Danau Toba adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
dengan luas paling besar di Indonesia sekaligus Asia Tenggara. </span><a href="https://www.geologinesia.com/2016/03/danau-dan-gunung-batur-kawasan-geopark.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> ini juga selain
menjadi lokasi wisata, juga menjadi lokasi berbagai penelitian ataupun proyek
ilmiah karena keunikannya. Letak Danau Toba sendiri berada di Provinsi Sumatera
Utara ini memiliki pulau di tengah-tengahnya, yang bernama Pulau Samosir. Nama
danau Toba begitu tersohor hingga ke penjuru dunia berkat berbagai hal. Tentu
yang diketahui orang awan adalah keindahan alamnya, tetapi ada sisi-sisi lain
yang menjadi menarik oleh kalangan ilmuwan. Sisi menarik tersebut adalah
tentang sejarah pembentukan Danau Toba, karakteristik Danau Toba, serta lokasi
astronomis dan geografis dari danau ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekosistem kawasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Toba memiliki nilai ekologi, sosial
budaya dan ekonomi bagi kehidupan manusia serta memiliki keterkaitan ekologis
yang tidak terpisahkan dengan ekosistem kawasan sekitarnya. Ekosistem kawasan
Danau Toba mengalami tekanan/stres yang mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan
fungsi alam dan ekosistem, menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap perlindungan
keseimbangan ekosistem, kelestarian alam, dan daya dukung lingkungan hidup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran yang
ome saya berikan adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manfaatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekayaan alam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kita dengan sebaik-baiknya. Selalu menjaga kebersihan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keasrian tempat-tempat wisata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada di Indonesia. Dengan begitu
turis Mancanegara maupun turis omestic akan semakin banyak yang berkunjung ke
Negara Indonesia untuk menikmati keindahan alam kita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jorge
A. Vazquez dan Mary R. Reid. Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous
Toba Magma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Science
#305, 13 Agustus 2004, hlm. 991-994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dedi
Riskomar., Letusan Gunung Toba Terdahsyat di Dunia, Harian Umum Pikiran Rakyat,
1 April 2010, hlm. 30.</span></div>
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<a href="http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/22939/8/8.%20NIM.%203133121018%20CHAPTER%20I.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/22939/8/8.%20NIM.%203133121018%20CHAPTER%20I.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-65369860933520186122018-12-14T01:18:00.002-08:002018-12-14T01:18:43.936-08:00Sejarah Terbentuknya Danau Kerinci<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang Masalah </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumatera Barat. Kabupaten Kerinci terdiri dari 12
kecamatan dan pusat pemerintahan berada di Kecamatan Siulak. Wilayah Kerinci
merupakan wilayah pegunungan yang terbentang dari Gunung Kerinci sampai Gunung
Raya dan sebagian besarnya berada pada ketinggian 500 meter. Hal ini menjadikan
suhu udara di wilayah Kerinci terasa sejuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabupaten Kerinci dikenal dengan julukan Sepenggal
Tanah Surga Sakti Alam Kerinci yang mencerminkan berbagai macam potensi wisata
alam yang dimiliki Kabupaten Kerinci. Diantara potensi wisata alam tersebut
adalah Gunung Kerinci yang merupakan gunung berapi aktif tertinggi di Indonesia
yang selalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menarik minat pendaki setiap tahunnya. Selain itu
terdapat juga berbagai danau seperti Danau Kaco yang sangat jernih dan bersinar
di malam hari, Danau Gunung Tujuh yang terletak di pegunungan dan dikelilingi
tujuh gunung, serta Danau Kerinci yang merupakan danau terbesar di Kabupaten
Kerinci. Terdapat juga perkebunan teh Kayu Aro yang merupakan perkebunan teh
tertua dan terluas di Indonesia dan sumber air panas Semurup yang berasal dari
Gunung Kerinci. Dengan semua potensi wisata alam ini, Kabupaten Kerinci pada
tahun 2016 telah ditetapkan sebagai branding pariwisata Provinsi Jambi oleh
Kementerian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia. (sumber:
disporabudpar.kerincikab.go.id)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain potensi alamnya, Kabupaten Kerinci juga
memiliki kekayaan budaya. Letak Kabupaten Kerinci yang berada diantara Provinsi
Sumatera Barat dan Provinsi Jambi menjadikan budaya Kerinci memiliki keunikan
sendiri yang merupakan perpaduan antara budaya melayu dan budaya minangkabau.
Hal ini menghadirkan keunikan dari segi bahasa, pakaian adat, upacara adat
serta tarian khas Kerinci. Selain itu, Kerinci juga memiliki batik khas Kerinci
dengan motif incung yang terinspirasi dari aksara khas masyarakat Sungai Penuh
yang merupakan ibukota Kabupaten Kerinci. Dengan kekayaan budaya tersebut,
semakin meningkatkan daya tarik wisata ke Kerinci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memajukan pariwisata dan budaya tersebut,
pemerintah Kabupaten Kerinci dan Dinas Pariwisata melakukan berbagai upaya
dalam mempromosikan wisata-wisata alam yang ada. Hal ini sesuai dengan UU No 9
tahun 1990 tentang kepariwisataan yang menyatakan bahwa dalam rangka
pengembangan dan peningkatan kepawirisataan, diperlukan langkah-langkah
pengaturan yang semakin mampu mewujudkan keterpaduan dalam kegiatan
penyelenggaraan kepariwisataan, serta memelihara kelestarian dan mendorong
upaya peningkatan mutu lingkungan hidup serta objek dan daya tarik wisata.
Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam mempromosikan pariwisata dan budaya Kerinci
adalah dengan menyelenggarakan sebuah festival yang bernama Festival Masyarakat
Peduli Danau Kerinci (FMPDK).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang di atas, masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah Terbentuknya danau Kerinci</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kawasan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik
dari Danau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemanfaatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Danau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah Kerinci merupakan wilayah kabupaten yang terjauh
jaraknya dari ibu kota Propinsi Jambi, dengan luasnya 4.200 km² atau 7,8 % dari
luas Propinsi Jambi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letak
Kabupaten Kerinci adalah ujung paling Barat dari Propinsi Jambi. Secara geografis
wilayah ini terletak pada koordinat antara 1º41' LS sampai 2º56' LS, dan
101º08' BT sampai 101º50' BT. pada ketinggian antara 725 m dpl sampai dengan
1500 m dpl. Batas–batas wilayahnya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelah
Utara dengan Kabupaten Solok Selatan;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelah
Timur dengan Kabupaten Bungo dan Kab. Merangin; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelah
Selatan dengan Kabupaten Merangin;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelah
Barat dengan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan dan Bengkulu Utara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya
keadaan topografi Kabupaten Kerinci terdiri dari lembah dataran tinggi dari
mata rantai pegunungan Bukit Barisan Sumatera. Puncak – puncak tertinggi
seperti Gunung Kerinci (3.805 m dpl), Gunung Tujuh (2.690 m dpl), Gunung Raya
(2.543 m dpl), dan terdapat dua buah gunung yang masih aktif yaitu Gunung
Kerinci dan Gunung Sumbing di selatan. Daerah Kerinci menurut bentang alamnya
dapat dibagi atas tiga bahagian yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah
pegunungan bahagian Barat;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah
pegunungan bahagian Timur;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lembah
dataran tinggi yang berada di tengahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
pakar geologi lembah Kerinci (enklave) terbentuk karena adanya letupan gunung
berapi dan penurunan Bukit Barisan. Air yang terdapat di gunung – gunung di
sekitar lembah, mengisi lembah ini sehingga membentuk sebuah danau besar.
Dengan adanya proses yang timbul dari gejala – gejala alam selama ribuan tahun,
danau besar tadi mengecil menjadi Danau Kerinci sekarang dan airnya mengalir
lewat sungai Batang Merangin. Daerah ini terkena alur patahan Sumatera, dapat
saja secara periodik terjadi gempa tektonik sebagai akibat gerakan
bagian–bagian dari lithosfera yang mendapat tekanan horizontal berlawanan arah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enklave
lembah Kerinci membentang sepanjang <u>+</u> 45 km lebar <u>+</u> 5 km dengan
perairan yang baik lagi subur, mengelilingi Danau Kerinci yang ketinggiannya
733 m dpl. Di daerah ini banyak terdapat danau yang spesifik, antara lain danau
Rawa Bento sebuah hutan rawa air tawar, danau Gunung Tujuh merupakan danau
vulkanik tertinggi di Asia Tenggara (1.996 m dpl) dengan luas mencapai <u>+</u>
13.500 Ha dan lain – lainnya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Utara terdapat Gunung Kerinci (masih
aktif) yang, merupakan gunung aktif tertinggi di Indonesia yang disebut ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Atap Sumatera’</span>, merupakan simbol
daerah Kerinci.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disamping
itu terdapat pula beberapa buah danau yang menarik, antara lain yang terkenal
ialah Danau Kerinci, Danau Gunung Tujuh, Danau Lingkat, dan danau-danau kecil
lainnya. Sedangkan air terjun terdapat pada dua tempat, sebelah Selatan adalah
Air Terjun Pancuran Gading di Pulau Tengah, dan Utara adalah Air Terjun Telun
Berasap (perbatasan Kabupaten Solok Selatan). Juga ada hutan lindung yang masuk
dalam kawasan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat seluas 210.000 ha (51%) dari luas
Kabupaten Kerinci. Kabupaten Kerinci adalah daerah yang berudara sejuk dan
belum tercemar polusi industri, suhu berkisar antara 18° Celcius sampai 22,6°
Celcius, dengan curah hujan rata-rata 2.500 mm/tahun. Penduduknya hidup dari
sektor pertanian dan perkebunan yang jumlahnya sekitar 310.762 jiwa atau
rata-rata kepadatan penduduk berkisar ± 74 jiwa per Km.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau Kerinci merupakan danau vulkanik (luas 4.200
hektar, keda!aman 110 meter), ketinggian 783 meter di atas permukaan laut.
Danau tersebut berada di daerah paling Selatan dengan kelililing sepanjang 70
km. Secara administratif, kawasan danau termasuk dalam Kecamatan Danau Kerinci
dan Kecamatan Keliling Danau. Usaha perikanan di Danau Kerinci menghasilkan
sebanyak 780 ton ikan pertahun. Namun akhir-akhir ini terjadi penurunan hasil
tangkapan ikan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Antara lain faktor yang
terlibat disebabkan oleh: a) Hilangnya tanaman Hydrilla di bawah permukaan air;
b) Pengambilan ikan yang berlebihan, atau hilangnya tempat berkembang/bertelur;
dan c) Pencemaran air di daerah hulunya. Hydrilla dan macrophyta lainnya yang
hidup di bawah permukaan air menjadi jarang karena pencemaran pada bagian tepi
danau yang dangkal. Juga berkurangnya penetrasi cahaya pada daerah yang paling
dalam. Berkurangnya penetrasi cahaya mungkin disebabkan oleh menurunnya
kualitas air, deposit lumpur dan eutrofikasi. Peristiwa eutrofikasi disebabkan
oleh pupuk buatan, penggundulan hutan dan limbah penduduk, mungkin juga
disebabkan oleh hama Enceng Gondok yang menutupi permukaan danau pada dua
dekade yang lalu. Hilangnya jenis ikan langka <i>Labeobarbus </i>spp. (tambra
dan juro) disebabkan oleh pengambilan ikan yang berlebihan, juga karena
berkurangnya habitat lahan basah (karena rawa-rawa ini ditanami padi) dan
adanya pendangkalan muara danau yang menghalangi pola migrasi bertelur secara
alami. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekosistem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekosistem kawasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kerinci memiliki nilai ekologi, sosial
budaya dan ekonomi bagi kehidupan manusia serta memiliki keterkaitan ekologis
yang tidak terpisahkan dengan ekosistem kawasan sekitarnya. Ekosistem kawasan
Danau </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengalami tekanan/stres yang mengakibatkan
terjadinya perubahan fungsi alam dan ekosistem, menimbulkan dampak negatif
terhadap perlindungan keseimbangan ekosistem, kelestarian alam, dan daya dukung
lingkungan hidup. Hal ini disebabkan karena kegiatan sosial ekonomi yang
memanfaatkan sumber daya alam secara tidak benar. Oleh sebab itu, sebagai
solusi perlu didekati secara ekosistem yakni suatu pendekatan yang
mengintegrasikan faktor-faktor ekologi, ekonomi, dan sosial yang mempengaruhi
suatu entitas ekosistem bukan berdasarkan batas-batas politik maupun sektoral,
dengan kata lain menempatkan upaya pemulihan, pelestarian, pengawasan, dan
pemanfaatan komponen-komponen ekosistem dengan memperhatikan azas manfaat
ekosistem terhadap kesejahteraan dan keberlanjutan sosial, ekonomi, dan
lingkungan hidup masyarakat yang berada di ekosistem kawasan Danau </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan agar diperoleh keberhasilan pemupukan
dan pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh pada tanaman kopi arabika, di antaranya
dosis/konsentrasi yang harus tepat, tepat waktu pemberian (pagi-sore), tepat
jenis pupuk/ZPT yang dipilih, tepat fase pertumbuhan tanaman, dan tepat
lingkungan dalam arti luas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem
danau dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
ekologis dari danau adalah mencegah kekeringan dan banjir serta dalam
kaitannya dengan penyediaan air bersih, baik untuk minum, irigasi maupun
industri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan
yang terjadi di Danau </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi akibat penebangan pohon
secara semaunya tanpa memperhatikan keseimbangan lingkungan, berkurangnya
sumber air danau karena digunakan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari, serta
sarana transpotasi berupa kapal turut dianggap mencemari lingkungan
perairan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upaya
perbaikan yang dilakukan yaitu dengan Pertukaran pengalaman dalam
me-manage kawasan perairan danau, transfer of low-cost (alternatif
teknologi untuk me-manage air buangan (wastewater) di masyarakat kecil
(small communities), dan transfer teknologi untuk mengontrol water
hyacinth.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau Kerinci Provinsi Jambi, masuk salah satu dari
15 danau yang menjadi prioritas nasional yang tertuang dalam Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) untuk dilakukan pembenahan dan
pengelolaan karena danau tersebut mengalami kerusakan kritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat ini kondisi ekosistem Danau Kerinci memang
sudah mengkhawatirkan, perubahan itu dirasakan oleh nelayan setempat dari
berbagai hal. Bahkan tahun lalu terjadi kasus puluhan ton ikan liar dan
budidaya mati mendadak karena pencemaran air danau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Danau </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danau Kerinci</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dikenal dengan keindahannya, pemandangan di sekitar danau memang sangat indah.
Anda tidak akan bosan menikmati hamparan air danau yang bening dikelilingi oleh
barisan pegunungan yang hijau. Hiruk pikuk masyarakat sekitar <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau Kerinci</span> yang tengah menangkap
ikan menggunakan perahu-perahu kecil dan alat-alat tradisional juga menjadi
pemandangan yang mengasikan. Ketika nelayan mendarat jika Anda beruntung Anda
juga bisa turut membeli ikan langsung dari nelayan dengan harga yang lebih
murah. Walaupun ikan yang hidup di Danau ini bermacam-macam tapi ada satu jenis
ikan yang merupakan ikan endemic di Danau ini yaitu ikan Semah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di sekitar
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau Kerinci </span>terdapat beberapa
lokasi yang menarik lainnya. Keelokan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau
Kerinci</span> dapat Anda nikmati dari atas melalui Tanjung Hatta. Mengapa
Hatta? Karena dahulunya mantan Presiden Republik Indonesia Bung Hatta sering
menikmati panorama <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau Kerinci</span>,
bahkan menanam pohon di sana. Anda juga bisa mengunjungi Desa Seleman, dimana
di sana terdapat Rumah Laheik sebagai rumah khas Kerinci. Ada juga Desa Pulau
Tengah yang terdapat Dolmen Batu Raja dan Masjid Keramat Pulau Tengah. Anda
juga dapat melihat sejumlah batu berukir peninggalan manusia megalit. Batu ukir
ini dipercaya mejadi bukti bahwa wilayah di sekitar <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Danau Kerinci</span> adalah daerah yang pernah dihuni manusia purba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Danau </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerinci</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kekayaan
Alam</span></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau yang berada di Kabupaten Kerinci ini merupakan
danau terbesar kedua di Sumatra, setalah Danau Toba. Selain pemandangannya yang
sangat menawan, danau ini juga berfungsi sebagai salah satu sumber daya air di
Kabupaten Kerinci </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Provinsi Jambi. Air di danau ini mampu untuk menyuplai kebutuhan air
masyarakat, baik untuk pertanian, maupun kebutuhan air minum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu Festival Masyarakat Peduli Danau Kerinci Pemerintah
Daerah menjadikan danau ini sebagai destinasi wisata utama di Jambi. Danau yang
menyimpan legenda Calupat dan Calungga ini menjadi tempat berlangsungnya
Festival Masyarakat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peduli</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Danau Kerinci (FMPDK) yang diadakan setiap tahun. Festival tahunan ini sudah
dimulai sejak tahun 1999. Kegiatannya adalah menampilkan berbagai macam atraksi
kesenian masyarakat Jambi sebagai suguhan untuk para wisatawan yang datang
berkunjung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika Anda melepaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pandangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ke tengah danau, maka akan
terlihat perahu-perahu kecil nelayan yang sedang mencari ikan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan ikan bagi masyarakat Kerinci. Cara yang dilakukan untuk menangkap
ikan juga masih tergolong tradisional, karena untuk menjaga kealamian Danau.
Hebatnya, penangkapan ikan yang dilakukan pada malam hari biasa dilakukan tanpa
menggunakan alat bantu pernafasan. Sementara itu Usaha perikanan di Danau
Kerinci menghasilkan sebanyak 780 Ton ikan pertahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di kawasan ini Anda juga akan melihat sekumpulan
burung-burung seperti burung belibis dan menjadi tempat minum berbagai jenis
satwa. Menarik bukan, melihat keindahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ditemani satwa-satwa yang ramah dalam
perjalanan wisata Anda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara desa-desa yang berada di sekitar danau,
ditemukan sejumlah batu berukir yang dipercaya sebagai peninggalan manusia
megalit yang hidup ribuan tahun lalu. Penemuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menunjukan ada peradaban yang
pernah berkembang disini dan bisa menjadi kajian sejarah khasanah negeri.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Objek
Wisata Alam</span></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwisata ke Danau Kerinci, pastikan stamina Anda dalam
keadaan yang fit. Pasalnya, banyak hal yang bisa Anda lakukan ketika sudah
sampai Kawasan Danau Kerinci. Jika Anda hobi memancing, jangan lupa membawa
perlengkapan pancing Anda, karena di sini hidup beberapa jenis ikan yang bisa
Anda pancing. Anda </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">juga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
bisa melakukan aktivitas berenang atau perkemahan dengan keluarga atau sahabat.
Di sepanjang pinggiran danau, merupakan tempat yang sangat cocok untuk melihat
pemandangan Danau Kerinci. Di sana Anda akan melihat perahu para nelayan yang
sedang menangkap ikan bagaikan nelayan yang ada di pantai-pantai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu Peninggalan Megalitikum di Danau Kerinci,
JambiDi sekitar Danau Kerinci terdapat beberapa lokasi yang menarik lainnya.
Keelokan Danau Kerinci dapat Anda nikmati dari atas melalui Tanjung Hatta.
Mengapa Hatta? Karena dahulunya mantan Presiden Republik Indonesia Bung Hatta
sering menikmati panorama Danau Kerinci, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menanam pohon di sana. Anda juga bisa
mengunjungi Desa Seleman, dimana di sana terdapat Rumah Laheik sebagai rumah
khas Kerinci. Ada juga Desa Pulau Tengah yang terdapat Dolmen Batu Raja dan
Masjid Keramat Pulau Tengah. Anda juga dapat melihat sejumlah batu berukir
peninggalan manusia megalit. Batu ukir ini dipercaya mejadi bukti bahwa wilayah
di sekitar Danau Kerinci adalah daerah yang pernah dihuni manusia purba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usai menikmati keindahanya, saatnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melanjutkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dengan wisata kuliner di sekitar danau. Ke Danau Kerinci rasanya belum lengkap
kalau Anda belum mencoba makanan dan minuman khas daerah Kerinci. Anda harus
coba santapan Beras Payo, Gulai Ikan Semah, Dendeng Beteko, Kacang Tojin,
Lemang dan Jeruk Pelompek, ditemani secangkir Kopi Kerinci atau Teh Kayu Aro.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
pakar geologi lembah Kerinci (enklave) terbentuk karena adanya letupan gunung berapi
dan penurunan Bukit Barisan. Air yang terdapat di gunung – gunung di sekitar
lembah, mengisi lembah ini sehingga membentuk sebuah danau besar. Dengan adanya
proses yang timbul dari gejala – gejala alam selama ribuan tahun, danau besar
tadi mengecil menjadi Danau Kerinci sekarang dan airnya mengalir lewat sungai
Batang Merangin. Daerah ini terkena alur patahan Sumatera, dapat saja secara
periodik terjadi gempa tektonik sebagai akibat gerakan bagian–bagian dari
lithosfera yang mendapat tekanan horizontal berlawanan arah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danau yang berada di Kabupaten Kerinci ini merupakan
danau terbesar kedua di Sumatra, setalah Danau Toba. Selain pemandangannya yang
sangat menawan, danau ini juga berfungsi sebagai salah satu sumber daya air di
Kabupaten Kerinci </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Provinsi Jambi. Air di danau ini mampu untuk menyuplai kebutuhan air
masyarakat, baik untuk pertanian, maupun kebutuhan air minum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran yang
saya berikan adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manfaatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekayaan alam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kita dengan sebaik-baiknya. Selalu menjaga kebersihan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keasrian tempat-tempat wisata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada di Indonesia. Dengan begitu
turis Mancanegara maupun turis domestic akan semakin banyak yang berkunjung ke
Negara Indonesia untuk menikmati keindahan alam kita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jorge
A. Vazquez dan Mary R. Reid. Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous
Kerinci Magma.</span></div>
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<a href="http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/22939/8/8.%20NIM.%203133121018%20CHAPTER%20I.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/22939/8/8.%20NIM.%203133121018%20CHAPTER%20I.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://incung.blogspot.com/2009/05/mengenal-objek-wisata-danau-kerinci.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://incung.blogspot.com/2009/05/mengenal-objek-wisata-danau-kerinci.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://ksmtour.com/informasi/tempat-wisata/jambi/danau-kerinci-dengan-hamparan-air-danau-yang-bening-dan-indah.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://ksmtour.com/informasi/tempat-wisata/jambi/danau-kerinci-dengan-hamparan-air-danau-yang-bening-dan-indah.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.beritasatu.com/destinasi/433367-penataan-danau-kerinci-masuk-prioritas-nasional.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.beritasatu.com/destinasi/433367-penataan-danau-kerinci-masuk-prioritas-nasional.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-2396301732924945702018-12-14T00:38:00.002-08:002018-12-14T00:38:46.119-08:00Makalah Kesejahteraan Keluarga<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Latar Belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga merupakan unit terkecil
dalam masyarakat yang menjadi klien (penerima) asuhan keperawatan. Keluarga
berperan dalam menentukan asuhan keperawatan yang diperlukan oleh anggota
keluarga yang sakit. Keberhasilan keperawtan di rumah sakit akan menjadi
sia-sia jika tidak dilanjutkan dengan perawatan di rumah secara baik dan benar
oleh klien atau keluarganya. Secara empiris hubungan antara kesehatan anggota
keluarga terhadap kualitas kehidupan keluarga sangat berhubungan atau
signifikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga Sejahtera dibentuk
berdasarkan perkawinan yang sah, mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan memiliki
hubungan yang sama, selaras dan seimbang antar anggota keluarga dengan
masyarakat dan lingkungan. Keluarga inti adalah keluarga yang terdiri dari
ayah, ibu dan anak. Secara umum diketahui bahwa pengalaman orang tua berkembang
dari tahun ke tahun, di mana seorang anak bertumbuh dewasa dan orang tua
menjadi semakin tua, akan tetapi teori dan metodologi yang cukup memadai dalam
perkembangan perspektif tugas orang tua masih harus dibuktikan dan dapat
diterima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Program pembagunan keluarga sejahtera semakin
mendapat pijakan yang kuat dengan diundangkannya UU No 10 tahun 1992 tetang
perkembangan kependudukan dan pembangunan keluarga sejahtera. Kemudian sekitar
satu setengah tahun kemudian yaitu pada 29 juni 1993 presiden mencanangkan
bahwa setiap tanggal 29 juni sebagai “Hari Keluarga Nasional (Harganas)”, dan
digariskan oleh president saat itu bahwa keluarga dikembangkan menjadi wahana
pembangunan bangsa. Dengan penetapan ini, maka dikembangkan kebijakan strategis
yang diperlukan untuk mengembangkan keberhasilan Gerakan Keluarga Berencana
lebih lanjut menjadi “Gerakan Pembangunan Keluarga Sejahtera” seacara lengkap.
Selaras dengan hal tersebut diterbitkan keputusan presiden (Keppres) No. 109
Tahun 1993 tentang BKKBN, dimana dengan Keppres tersebut, organisasi BKKBN
mengalami perombakan sesuai dengan tugas barunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rumusan Masalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apakah pengertian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">dari kes</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">an ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apakah d</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">efinisi keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apa saja f</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">aktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesejahteraan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bagaimana </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">t</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ahapan-tahapan keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bagaimana </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">p</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">elaksanaan pembangunan keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bagaimana
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">peran
perawat dalam pembinaan keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ?</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">pengertian dari kesejahteraan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan definisi
keluarga sejahtera.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan
factor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kesejahteran.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan
tahapan-tahapan keluarga sejahtera.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan pelaksanaan
pembangunan keluarga sejahtera.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelaskan p</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">eran
perawat dalam pembinaan keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">TINJAUAN TEORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian Kesejahteraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada beberapa pendapat
tentang pengertian kesejahteraan, antara lain :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">“Kesejahteraan adalah hal
atau keadaan sejahtera, aman, selamat, dan tentram”. (Depdiknas, 2001:1011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">“Keluarga Sejahtera adalah
Keluarga yang dibentuk berdasarkan perkawinan yang sah, mampu memenuhi
kebutuhan hidup spiritual dan materi yang layak, bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang
/maha Esa, memiliki hubungan yang selaras, serasi, dan seimbang antar anggota
dan antar keluarga dengan masyarakat dan lingkungan”. (BKKBN,1994:5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesejahteraan
keluarga tidak hanya menyangkut kemakmuran saja, melainkan juga harus secara
keseluruhan sesuai dengan ketentraman yang berarti dengan kemampuan itulah
dapat menuju keselamatan dan ketentraman hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Definisi</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga Sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konsep Keluarga Sejahtera menurut UU
No.10 tahun 1992 adalah keluarga yang dibentuk atas dasar perkawinan yang syah
mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup spiritual dan material yang layak. Bertaqwa
kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa memiliki hubungan serasi, selaras dan seimbang
antara anggota keluarga dengan masyarakat dan lingkungannya (A. Mungit, 1996).
Sedangkan BKKBN merumuskan pengertian keluarga sejahtera sebagai keluarga yang
dapat memenuhi kebutuhan anggotannya baik kebutuhan sandang, pangan, perumahan,
sosial dan agama, keluarga yang mempunyai keseimbangan antara penghasilan
keluarga dengan jumlah anggota keluarga, keluarga yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan
kesehatan anggota keluarga, kehidupan bersama dengan masyarakat sekitar,
beribadah khusuk disamping terpenuhinya kebutuhan pokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan
dibentuk keluarga sejahtera adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kelurga
tentang masalah yang dihadapi, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan keluarga dalam
menganalisis potensi peluang yang dimiliki, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
masayarakat dalam memecahkan masalahnya secara mandiri, dan untuk meningkatkan
gotong royong dan kesetiakawanan sosial dalam membantu keluarga prasejahtera
untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesejahteran</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor intern keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jumlah anggota keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada zaman
seperti sekarang ini tuntutan keluarga semakin meningkat tidak hanya cukup
dengan kebutuhan primer (sandang, pangan, papan, pendidikan, dan saran
pendidikan) tetapi kebutuhan lainya seperti hiburan, rekreasi, sarana ibadah,
saran untuk transportasi dan lingkungan yang serasi. Kebutuhan diatas akan
lebih memungkinkan dapat terpenuhi jika jumlah anggota dalam keluarga sejumlah
kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tempat
tinggal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suasana tempat
tinggal sangat mempengaruhi kesejahteraan keluarga. Keadaan tempat tinggal yang
diatur sesuai dengan selera keindahan penghuninya, akan lebih menimbulkan
suasana yang tenang dan mengembirakan serta menyejukan hati. Sebaliknya tempat
tinggal yang tidak teratur, tidak jarang meninbulkan kebosanan untuk menempati.
Kadang-kadang sering terjadi ketegangan antara anggota keluarga yang disebabkan
kekacauan pikiran karena tidak memperoleh rasa nyaman dan tentram akibat tidak
teraturnya sasaran dan keadaan tempat tinggal.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keadaan sosial ekonomi
kelurga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
mendapatkan kesejahteraan kelurga alasan yang paling kuat adalah keadaan sosial
dalam keluarga. Keadaan sosial dalam keluarga dapat dikatakan baik atau
harmonis, bilamana ada hubungan yang baik dan benar-benar didasari ketulusan
hati dan rasa kasih sayang antara anggota keluarga.manifestasi daripada
hubungan yang benar-benar didasari ketulusan hati dan rasa penuh kasih sayang,
nampak dengan adanya saling hormat, menghormati, toleransi, bantu-membantu dan
saling mempercayai.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keadaan
ekonomi keluarga.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ekonomi
dalam keluarga meliputi keuangan dan sumber-sumber yang dapat meningkatkan
taraf hidup anggota kelurga makin terang pula cahaya kehidupan keluarga. (</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BKKBN,
1994: 18-21). Jadi semakin banyak sumber-sumber keuangan/ pendapatan yang
diterima, maka akan meningkatkan taraf hidup keluarga. Adapun sumber-sumber
keuangan/ pendapatan dapat diperoleh dari menyewakan tanah, pekerjaan lain
diluar berdagang, d</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">an </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ebagainya</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor ekstern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesejahteraan keluarga perlu dipelihara dan
terus dikembangan terjadinya kegoncangan dan ketegangan jiwa diantara anggota
keluarga perlu di hindarkan, karena hal ini dapat menggagu ketentraman dan
kenyamanan kehidupan dan kesejahteraan keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor yang dapat mengakibatkan kegoncangan
jiwa dan ketentraman batin anggota keluarga yang datangnya dari luar lingkungan
keluarga antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor
manusia: iri hati, dan fitnah, ancaman fisik, pelanggaran norma.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor
alam: bahaya alam, kerusuhan dan berbagai macam virus penyakit.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor ekonomi negara: pendapatan tiap penduduk atau
income perkapita rendah, inflasi. (</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BKKBN, 1994 : 18-21)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tahap-tahap
keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan
kemampuan keluarga untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar, kebutuhan psikososial,
kemampuan memenuhi ekonominya, dan aktualisasinya di masyarakat, serta memperhatikan
perkembangan Negara Indonesia menuju Negara Industri, maka Negara Indonesia
menginginkan menginginkan terwujudnya keluarga sejahtera. Di Indinesia keluarga
dikelompokkan menjadi 5 tahap yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga prasejahtera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga yang belum dapat memenuhi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> salah satu atau
lebih 5 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">dasar </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">(kebutuhan dasar belum sepenuhnya terpenuhi) yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Melaksanakan ibadah menurut agamanya oleh masing-masing anggota keluarga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada umumnya seluruh anggota keluarga makan du</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> kali atau lebih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seluruh anggota keluarga memiliki pakaian yang berbeda untuk aktifitas
di rumah,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">bekerja, sekolah, dan berpergian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lantai rumah terluas bukan lantai tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bila anak dan atau pasangan usia subur ingin KB di bawa ke sarana
kesehatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera I</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan dasarnya secara minimal tetapi belum dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan sosial psikologisnya. Pada Keluarga Sejahtera I kebutuhan dasar
sampai dengan 5 telah terpenuhi namun kebutuhan sosial psikologisnya belum terpenuhi
yaitu:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anggota keluarga melaksanakan ibadah secar teratur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Paling kurang sekali seminggu, keluarga menyediakan daging/ikan/telur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seluruh anggota keluarga memperoleh paling kurang satu stel pakaian baru
pertahun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Luas lantai rumah paling kurang 8 meter panjang untuk tiap penghuni
rumah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seluruh anggota keluarga dalam 3 bulan terakhir dalam keadaan sehat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Paling kurang satu anggota keluarga 15 tahun keatas berpenghuni tetap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seluruh anggota keluarga yang berumur 10-60 tahun bisa baca tulis huruf latin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seluruh anak berusia 5-15 tahun bersekolah saat ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bila anak hidup 2 atau lebih, keluarga yang masih pasangan usia subur
memakai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> KB.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">kontrasepsi (kecuali sedang hamil)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera II</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang disamping telah
dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dasarnya, juga telah dapat memenuhi kebutuhan
psikologisnya, tetapi belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pengembangannya, seperti
kebutuhan untuk menabung dan memperoleh informasi. Pada Keluarga Sejahtera II,
kebutuhan fisik dan sosial psikologis telah terpenuhi (1 s/d 14 terpenuhi),
namun kebutuhan pengembangan belum sepenuhnya terpenuhi anatara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempunyai upaya untuk m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ningkatkan pengetahuan agama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagian dari penghasilan dapat disisikan untuk tabungan keluarga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biasanya makan bersama paling kurang sekali sehari dan kesempatan itu
dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berkomunikasi antar anggota keluarga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ikut serta dalam kegiatan masyarakat di lingkungan tempat tinggalnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengadakan rekreasi bersama di luar rumah oaling kurang 1 X / 6 bulan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dapat memperoleh berita dari surat kabar / radio / TV / majalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anggota keluarga mampu menggunakkan sarana transportasi sesuai kondisi
daerah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera III</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat
memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan dasar, sosial psikologis, dan pengembangan
keluarganya, tetapi belum dapat memberikan sumbangan yanag teratur bagi
masyarakat, seperti sumbangan materi, dan berperan aktif dalam kegiatan
kemasyarakatan. Pada Keluarga Sejahtera III, kebutuhan fisik, sosial psikologis
dan pengembangan telah terpenuhi (1 s/d 21 terpenuhi), namun kepeduliaan sosial
belum terpenuhi yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara teratur atau pada waktu tertentu dengan sukarela memberikan
sumbangan bagi kegiatan sosial masyarakat dalam bentuk materil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kepala keluarga atau anggota keluarga aktif sebagai pengururs
perkumpulan / yayasan / institusi masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera III plus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat
memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan dasar, sosial psikologis dan pengembangannya telah
terpenuhi serta memiliki kepeduliaan sosial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang tinggi (1 s/d 23 terpenuhi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut
BKKBN (1999), tahapan keluarga dapat diukur berdasarkan tingkat
kesejahteraanya, yaitu sebagai berikut :<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga prasejahtera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dasar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">basic needs</i>) secara minimal, seperti
kebutuhan akan pengajaran, agama, pangan sandang, papan dan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera tahap I</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dasarnya
secara minimal, tetapi belum dapat memenuhi keseluruhan kebutuhan sosial
psikologis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">social psychological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">need</i>), seperti kebutuhan terhadap
pendidikan, keluarga berencana, interaksi dalam keluarga, interaksi dengan
lingkungan terhadap tempat tinggal, dan transportasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keuarga sejahtera tahap II</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dasar dan
seluruh kebutuhan psikologis, tetapi belum dapat memenuhi keseluruhan kebutuhan
perkembangannya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">developmental needs</i>),
seperti kebutuhan untuk menabung dan memperoleh informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera tahap III</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan
dasar, krbutuhan sosial-psikologis, dan kebutuhan perkembangan, namun belum
dapat memberikan sumbanagan (kontribusi) yang maksimal terhadap masyarakat.
Misalnya, secara teratur (waktu tertentu) memberikan sumbangan dalam bentuk
material dan keuangan untuk kepentingan sosial kemasyarakatan serta berperan
serta secara aktif dengan menjadi pengurus lembaga kemasyarakatan atau
yayasan-yayasan sosial, keagamaan, kesenian, olahraga, pendidikan dan sebagainya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera tahap III plus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Yaitu keluarga-keluarga yang telah dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhannya,
baik yang bersifat dasar, sosial psikologis, maupun yang bersifat pengembangan
serta dapat pula memberikan sumbangan yang nyata dan berkelanjutan bagi
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga Miskin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BKKBN mendefinisikan Kemiskinan adalah keluarga miskin prasejahtera
tidak dapat melaksanakan ibadah menurut agamanya, tidak mampu makan 2 kali
sehari, tidak memiliki pakaian berbeda untuk dirumah, bekerja dan bepergian,
bagian terluas rumah berlantai tanah dan tidak mampu membawa anggota keluarga
ke sarana kesehatan. Pengertian keluarga miskin ini didefinisikan lebih lanjut
menjadi :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">paling kurang sekali sekali seminggu keluarga
makan dagin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">g atau</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ikan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> atau</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> telur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setahun sekali seluruh anggota keluarga
memperoleh paling kurang satu stel pakaian baru</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">luas lantai rumah paling kurang 8 m2 untuk
tiap penghuni.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pelaksanaan pembangunan keluarga sejahtera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Peraturan Pemerintah No.21 tahun 1994 pasal
2, menyatakan bahwa penyelenggaraan pembangunan keluarga sejahtera diwujudkan
melalui pembangunan kualitas keluarga dan keluarga berencana yang
diselenggarakan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu oleh pemerintah, masyarakat, dan
keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bertujuan untuk mewujudkan keluarga kecil yang
bahagia dan sejahtera, bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Ynag Maha Esa, sehat, produktif,
mandiri, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk membangun diri sendiri dan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pokok-pokok kegiatan :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan ketahanan fisik keluarga adalah kegiatan pertumbuhan dan pengembangan
perilaku usaha dan tenaga terampil sehingga dapat melakukan usaha ekonomi
produktif untuk mewujudkan keluarga kecil, bahagia dan sejahtera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bentuk kegiatan pembinaan ketahan fisik keluarga adalah sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penumbuhan dan pengembangan pengetahuan,
sikap prilaku usaha ketrampilan keluarga melalui penyuluhan, pelatihan, magang,
studi banding dan pendampingan sehingga dapat melakukan usaha ekonomi produktif
untuk mewujudkan keluarga kecil bahagia sejahtera </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penumbuhan dan pengembangan kelompok usaha:
melalui Usaha Peningkatan Pendapatan Keluarga Sejahtera (UPPKS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan pemodalan, melalui tabungan,
Takesra, kredit dan Kukesra (Kredit keluarga sejahtera) pembinaan pemasaran,
melalui kerjasama dengan para pengusaha dan sektor terkait </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan produksi, dengan bimbingan dalam
memilih dan memanfaatkan alat teknologi tepat guna yang diperlukan dalam
produksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan kemitrausahaan, dengan para
pengusaha dari sektor terkait koperasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengembangan jaringan usaha, khususnya
bekerjasama dengan Departemen Koperasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengembanganjaringan usaha, khusunya bekerja
sama dengan Departemen Koperasi dan PPKM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan ketahanan non fisik keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Peningkatan kualitas anak </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan kesehatan reproduksi remaja </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Peningkatan keharmonisan keluarga, keimanan dan ketaqwaan terhadap Tuhan
Ynag Maha Esa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bentuk kegiatan ketahan nonfisik keluarga adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bina keluarga balita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan terhadap orangtua anak balita agar pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan anaknya optimal secara fisik dan mental melalui kelompok
dengan bantuan alat permainan edukatif (APE)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan kesehatan reproduksi remaja dilakukan melalui :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pusat-pusat konsultasi remaja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penyuluhan konseling di sekolah dan pesantren, kelompok-kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Remaja, karang taruna, remaja masjid, pramuka dan lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kelompok Bina Keluarga Remaja (BKR) dan penyuluhan melalui media massa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan keluarga lansia melalui kelompok Bina Keluarga Lansia (BKL)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kegiatan-kegiatan lain adalah sebagi berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gerakan Keluarga Sejahtera Sadar Buta Aksara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beasiswa supersemar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Satuan Karya Pramuka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berencana
(Saka Kencana) kegiatan lomba-lomba</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pelayanan keluarga berencana </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kegiatan Komunikasi Informasi Edukasi (KIE)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kegiatan ini meningkatkan kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan
perubahan perilaku masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan KB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pelayan kesehatan reproduksi meliputi pelayanan kontrasepsi, pelayanan
kesehatan reproduksi bagi ibu, serta pelayanan lain yang ada hubungannya dengan
reproduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendataan keluarga sejahtera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam rangka mengevaluasi pelaksanaan Gerakan
Keluarga Sejahtera setiap tahun antara bulan Januari sampai Maret, dilakukan
pendataan keluarga untuk mengetahui pencapaian keluarga berencana dan tahapan
keluarga sejahtera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Friedman (1981) membagi lima tugas kesehatan
yang harus dilakukan oleh keluarga, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengenal gangguan perkembangan kesehatana
setiap anggotannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengambil keputusan untuk melakukan tindakan
yang tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memberikan keperawatan kepada anggota
keluarganya yang sakit dan yang tidak dapat membantu dirinya sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempertahankan suasana di rumah yang
menguntungkan kesehatan dan perkembangan kepribadian anggota keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 348.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempertahankan hubungan timbale-balik antara
keluarga lembaga-lembaga kesehatan yang menunjukkan manfaat fasilitas kesehatan
dengan baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Peran perawat dalam
pembinaan keluarga sejahtera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembinaan keluarga terutama ditujukan pada
keluarga prasejahtera dan sejahtera tahap I. Di dalam pembinaan terhadap
keluarga tersebut, perawat mempunyai beberapa peran antara lain :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pemberi informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam hal ini perawat
memberitahukan kepada keluarga tentang segala sesuatu, khususnya yang berkaitan
dengan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penyuluh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Agar keluarga yang
dibinanya mengetahui lebih mendalam tentang kesehatan dan tertarik untuk
melaksanakan maka perawat harus memberikan penyuluhan baik kepada perorangan
dalam keluarga ataupun kelompok dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan
utama dari pembangunan kesehatan adalah membantu individu, keluarga dan
masyarakat untuk berperilaku hidup sehat sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan
hidupnya secara mandiri. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut perawat hares mendidik
keluarga agar berperilaku sehat dan selalu memberikan contoh yang positif
tentang kesehatan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Motivator</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apabila
keluarga telah mengetahui, dan mencoba melaksanakan perilaku positif dalam
kesehatan, harus terus didorong agar konsisten dan lebih berkembang. Dalam hal
inilah perawat berperan sebagai motivator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penghubung keluarga dengan
sarana pelayanan kesehatan adalah wajib bagi setiap perawat untuk
memperkenalkan sarana pelayanan kesehatan kepada keluarga khususnya untuk yang belum
pernah menggunakan sarana pelayanan kesehatan dan pada keadaan salah satu/lebih
anggota keluarga perlu dirujuk ke sarana pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penghubung keluarga dengan
sektor terkait. Adakalanya masalah kesehatan yang ditemukan bukanlah disebabkan
oleh faktor penyebab yang murni dari kesehatan tetapi disebabkan oleh faktor
lain. Dalam hal ini perawat harus menghubungi sektor terkait.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pemberi pelayanan
kesehatan. Sesuai dengan tugas perawat yaitu memberi Asuhan Keperawatan yang
profesional kepada individu, keluarga dan masyarakat. Pelayanan yang diberikan
karena adanya kelemahan fisik dan mental, keterbataan pengetahuan, serta
kurangnya keamanan menuju kemampuan melaksanakan kegiatan sehari-hari secara
mandiri. Kegiatan yang dilakukan bersifat "promotif', `preventif',
"curatif' serta "rehabilitatif' melalui proses keperawatan yaitu
metodologi pendekatan pemecahan masalah secara ilmiah dan terdiri dari
langkah-langkah sebagai subproses. Kegiatan tersebut dilaksanakan secara
profesional, artinya tindakan, pelayanan, tingkah laku serta penampilan
dilakukan secara sungguh-sungguh dan bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaan, jabatan,
bekerja keras dalam penampilan dan mendemontrasikan "SENCE OF ETHICS
".</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Membantu keluarga dengan
mengenal kekuatan mereka dan menggunakan kekuatan mereka untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan kesehatannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengkaji data individu,
keluarga dan masyarakat sehingga didapat data yang akurat dan dapat dilakukan
suatu intervensi yang tepat. Peran-peran tersebut di atas dapat dilaksanakan
secara terpisah atau bersama-sama tergantung situasi dan kondisi yang dihadapi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesimpula</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keluarga sejahtera sebagai keluarga yang
dapat memenuhi kebutuhan anggotannya baik kebutuhan sandang, pangan, perumahan,
sosial dan agama, keluarga yang mempunyai keseimbangan antara penghasilan
keluarga dengan jumlah anggota keluarga, keluarga yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan
kesehatan anggota keluarga, kehidupan bersama dengan masyarakat sekitar,
beribadah khusuk disamping terpenuhinya kebutuhan pokok.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan dibentuk keluarga sejahtera adalah
untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kelurga tentang masalah yang dihadapi, untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan keluarga dalam menganalisis potensi peluang yang
dimiliki, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan masayarakat dalam memecahkan masalahnya
secara mandiri, dan untuk meningkatkan gotong royong dan kesetiakawanan sosial
dalam membantu keluarga prasejahtera untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor yang dapat mengakibatkan kegoncangan
jiwa dan ketentraman batin anggota keluarga yang datangnya dari luar lingkungan
keluarga antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor
manusia: iri hati, dan fitnah, ancaman fisik, pelanggaran norma.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor
alam: bahaya alam, kerusuhan dan berbagai macam virus penyakit.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Faktor
ekonomi negara: pendapatan tiap penduduk atau income perkapita rendah, inflasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan adanya makalah ini, para perawat mampu mengetahui konsep
keluarga sejahtera dengan baik dan mampu mengaplikasikannya dengan lancar.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setiadi. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konsep
dan proses keperawatan keluarga. </i>Jogjakarta: Graham ilmu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sudiharto. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuhan
keperawatan keluarga dengan pendekatan keperawatan transkultural. </i>Jakarta:
EGC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">BKKBN, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pendataan
Keluarga.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-59559583203033004072013-05-21T18:41:00.002-07:002013-05-21T18:42:07.560-07:00VAKUM, FORCEP DAN ASFIKSIABAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar Belakang<br />Menjelang masa persalinan, ibu hamil tentulah menginginkan persalinan dilakukan dengan cara normal. Karena persalinan normal merupakan cara terbaik untuk melahirkan si buah hati ke dunia, dimana resiko dan efek yang dihasilkan sangat minim bahkan mungkin tidak ada. Namun meskipun demikian, jika persalinan tidak berjalan sesuai yang diharapkan, maka petugas medis akan melakukan beberapa tindakan dengan menggunakan peralatan guna mendukung kelancaran proses persalinan. Berikut jenis-jenis persalinan yang biasa dilakukan yang perlu diketahui oleh para ibu hamil dan tindakan seperti apa saja yang dilakukan dari tiap-tiap jenis persalinan tersebut.<br />Berbagai persiapan sudah dilakukan sejak awal kehamilan hingga menjelang persalinan, mulaidari menjaga pola makan hingga senam hamil. Namun ketika persalinan tiba, semuanya ternyatasia-sia sehingga diperlukan tindakan bantuan untuk memperlancar proses kelahiran si buah hati.<br />Setiap calon ibu pasti menginginkan proses persalinan yang sehat dan lancar. Namun, bagaimana bila keinginan itu ternyata tak bisa terwujud karena kondisi tertentu. Proses persalinan dengan bantuan terpaksa dilakukan jika persalinan normal tak mungkin untuk dilakukan karena akanmembahayakan si janin maupun si ibu. Misalnya yaitu tindakan episiotomi yang dilakukankarena beberapa kondisi tertentu, seperti risiko terjadinya kerobekan yang parah dan berhubungan dengan daerah anus, ukuran bayi yang sangat besar, posisi bayi yang sungsang,serta kelahiran yang membutuhkan forsep atau vakum.<br /><br />B. Tujuan<br />Untuk mengetahui keuntungan, kekurangan, indikasi, teknik penggunaan Vakum dan Forsep serta defenisi dan penjelasan Asfiksia<br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Persalinan Dibantu Alat<br />Proses persalinan akan menjadi masa-masa membahagiakan sekaligus menegangkan. Meski ibu telah mempersiapkan persalinan jauh-jauh hari, mungkin saja persalinan tak “semulus” yang diduga. Terkadang, keadaan janin menyulitkannya untuk keluar atau keadaan ibu kurang baik (lelah, sakit). Pada keadaan seperti itu, persalinan mungkin membutuhkan bantuan, salah satunya dengan ekstraksi vakum atau forsep.<br />Bantuan persalinan dipertimbangkan bila pembukaan mulut rahim sudah lengkap, Ibu sudah mencoba melahirkan tetapi bayi tak juga keluar lebih dari satu jam pada ibu yang pernah melahirkan dan lebih dari dua jam pada ibu yang baru pertama kali melahirkan.<br />Untuk faktor bayi, masalah yang bisa timbul adalah bayi mengalami distress dalam arti bunyi jantung janin melemah. Lalu, ada kemungkinan bayi mengalami kekurangan oksigen atau HIE ( Hipoksik Iskemi Encepalopathy), sehingga ia harus segera dilahirkan.<br />Sedangkan untuk contoh dari kegagalan kemajuan persalinan adalah masalah waktu. Misalnya, ibu yang menjalani operasi caesar pada persalinan sebelumnya dan pada persalinan berikutnya ini ingin melahirkan secara normal; maka hal itu bisa saja dilakukan namun ia dibatasi waktu, yaitu hanya boleh mengejan dalam waktu 20 menit. Bila lebih dari itu, proses persalinannya harus dibantu dipercepat dengan menggunakan alat bantu. Tindakan ini dilakukan untuk mengurangi risiko terjadinya robekan pada rahim.<br />Sejauh ini ada dua alat bantu yang sering dipakai dalam proses kelahiran, yaitu forceps dan vakum. Kalau yang dibutuhkan hanya tarikan, tanpa perlu memutar, misalnya posisi kepala bayi sudah menghadap ke bawah, maka dokter biasanya menggunakan forceps. Tetapi, kalau kita butuh memutar posisi kepala bayi yang agak melintang, maka dokter biasanya mengunakan vakum, atau forceps khusus seperti Kjelland forceps.<br /><br />B. Persalinan dibantu Vakum (Ekstrasi Vakum)<br />Disebut juga ekstrasi vakum. Vakum adalah satu alat yang menggunakan cup penghisap yang dapat menarik bayi keluar dengan lembut.<br />Pada penggunaan alat vakum, trauma hanya terjadi di daerah kepala bayi. Selain caput succedanium atau tonjolan pada kulit kepala, kalau tarikan atau tekanannya terlalu besar, maka dikhawatirkan ada pembuluh darah kecil yang putus saat vakum dilepas. Bila hanya caput succedanium yang terjadi, hal ini biasanya akan kembali normal dalam dua atau tiga hari. Proses ini bisa dipercepat bila kepala bayi tidak diangkat-angkat. Pemasangan vakum yang benar adalah benar-benar di puncak kepala bayi yang posisinya menunduk. Jadi, lebih dekat ke ubun-ubun kecilnya.<br />Cara kerjanya sangat sederhana, yaitu vakum diletakan diatas kepala bayi, kemudian ada selang yang menghubungkan mangkuk ke mesin yang bekerja dengan listrik atau pompa. Alat ini berpungsi membantu menarik kepala bayi ketika Anda mengejan. Jadi tarikan dilakukan saat Anda mengejan, dan saat mulut rahim sudah terbuka penuh (Fase Kedua) dan kepala bayi sudah berada dibagian bawah panggul.<br />Persalinan dengan vakum dilakukan bila ada indikasi membahayakan kesehatan serta nyawa ibu atau anak, maupun keduanya. Jika proses persalinan cukup lama sehingga ibu sudah kehilangan banyak tenaga, maka dokter akan melakukan tindakan segera untuk mengeluarkan bayi, misalnya dengan vakum. Keadaan lain pada ibu, yaitu adanya hipertensi (preeklamsia) juga merupakan alasan dipilihnya vakum sebagai alat bantu persalinan. Dalam keadaan demikian, Anda tidak boleh mengejan terlalu kuat karena mengejan dapat mempertinggi tekanan darah dan membahayakan jiiwa Anda. Vakum juga dikerjakan apabila terjadi gawat janin yang ditandai dengan denyut jantung janin lebih dari 160 kali permenit atau melambat mencapai 80 kali permenit yang menandakan bahwa bayi telah mengalami kekurangan oksigen (hipoksia).<br />Proses persalinannya sendiri menghabiskan waktu lebih dari 10 menit. Namun, dibutuhkan waktu sekitar 45 menit untuk menjalani seluruh prosedur.<br />Selain sesuai dengan keadaan diatas, vakum baru boleh dikerjakan bila sarat-saratnya terpenuhi. Sarat tersebut yaitu panggul ibu tidak sempit, artinya dapat dilewati oleh janin, janin tidak terlalu besar, pembukaan sudah lengkap, dan kepala janin sudah memasuki dasar panggul ibu. Jika sarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi, misalnya janin terlalu besar dan kepala janin masih terletak tinggi didalam panggul, maka operasi seksio caesaria adalah pilihannya.<br />EFEK SAMPING<br />Selain sesuai dengan keadaan diatas, vakum baru boleh dikerjakan bila sarat-saratnya terpenuhi. Sarat tersebut yaitu panggul ibu tidak sempit, artinya dapat dilewati oleh janin, janin tidak terlalu besar, pembukaan sudah lengkap, dan kepala janin sudah memasuki dasar panggul ibu. Jika sarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi, misalnya janin terlalu besar dan kepala janin masih terletak tinggi didalam panggul, maka operasi seksio caesaria adalah pilihannya.<br />Efek samping dari persalinan dengan dibantu vakum ini adalah terjadi perlukaan yang lebih luas pada jalan lahir, juga pendarahan dijalan lahir. Sedangkan pada bayi, resiko vakum secara umum adalah terjadinya luka atau lecet dikulit kepala. Inipun dapat diobati dengan obat anti septik. Kondisi ini biasanya akan hilang sendiri setelah bayi usia seminggu. Resiko yang lebih berat adalah terjadinya pendarahan diantara tulang-tulang kepala (cephal hematome), juga terjadi pendarahan dalam otak.<br />Masalah yang bisa terjadi pada penggunaan vakum adalah bila mangkuknya lepas, atau bocor. Selain itu, hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan waktu kita memasang alat vakum adalah tidak boleh ada bagian ibu, misalnya sebagian vagina, yang ikut terjepit, sehingga saat ditarik akan robek. Umumnya, kalau pembukaan sudah lengkap, hal ini tidak terjadi. Bila pada penggunaan forceps tenaga ibu dialihkan sepenuhnya ke tenaga penolong, maka pada penggunaan vakum kita masih butuh tenaga ibu. Jadi, pada vakum, tarikan dimulai bersama-sama dengan kontraksi sambil ibu mengejan.<br />Untuk mengurangi risiko yang timbul akibat penggunaan forceps atau vakum, syarat pemasangannya dibuat lebih ketat. Bila dulu dikenal istilah forceps atau vakum tinggi, tengah dan rendah, maka kini yang tengah dan tinggi tidak dilakukan lagi. Jadi, yang sekarang dilakukan adalah forceps atau vakum rendah di mana kepala bayi sudah mau keluar atau sudah kelihatan. Bila dilakukan forceps rendah, tangan dari penolong persalinan bisa memegang kepala bayi lebih baik.<br />Selain itu, terjadinya robekan pada vagina, bahkan sampai ke mulut rahim, bisa diminimalkan risikonya. Bila dilakukan vakum rendah maka risiko perdarahan di bawah selaput otak, atau bahkan dalam otak, yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan tekanan menjadi lebih kecil. Jadi, sekarang ini syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi sudah diperketat, sehingga penggunaan alat bantu persalinan lebih aman, baik untuk ibu maupun bayi. <br /><br />C. Persalinan Dibantu forsep (ekstrasi forsep)<br />Forsep merupakan alat bantu persalinan yang terbuat dari logam menyerupai sendok. Berbeda dengan vakum, persalinan yang dibantu forsep bisa dilakukan meski Anda tidak mengejan, misalnya saat terjadi keracunan kehamilan, asma, atau penyakit jantung. Persalinan dengan forsef relatip lebih beresiko dan lebih sulit dilakukan dibandingkan dengan vakum. Namun kadang terpaksa dilakukan juga apabila kondisi ibu dan anak sangat tidak baik.<br />Dokter akan meletakan forsep diantara kepala bayi dan memastikan itu terkunci dengan benar, artinya kepala bayi dicengkram dengan kuat dengan forsep. Kemudian forsep akan ditarik keluar sedangkan ibu tidak perlu mengejan terlalu kuat. Persalinan forsep biasanya membutuhkan episiotomi.<br />Forsep digunakan pada ibu pada keadaan sangat lemah, tidak ada tenaga, atau ibu dengan penyakit hipertensi yang tidak boleh mengejan, forsep dapat menjadi pilihan. Demikian pula jika terjadi gawat janin ketika janin kekurangan oksigen dan harus segera dikeluarkan. Apabila persalinan yang dibantu forsep telah dilakukan dan tetap tidak bisa mengeluarkan bayi, maka operasi caesar harus segera dilakukan.<br /><br /> Pada bayi dapat terjadi kerusakan saraf ketujuh (nervus fasialis), luka pada wajah dan kepala, serta patah tulang wajah dan tengkorak. Jika hal itu terjadi, bayi harus diawasi dengan ketat selama beberapa hari. Tergantung derajat keparahannya, luka tersebut akan sembuh sendiri. Sedangkan pada ibu, dapat terjadi luka pada jalan lahir atau robeknya rahim (ruptur uteri).<br />Tindakan operasi caesar ini hanya dilakukan jika terjadi kemacetan pada persalinan normal atau jika ada masalah pada proses persalinan yang dapat mengancam nyawa ibu dan janin. Keadaan yang memerlukan operasi caesar, misalnya gawat janin, jalan lahir tertutup plasenta (plasenta previa totalis), persalinan meacet, ibu mengalami hipertensi (preeklamsia), bayi dalam posisi sungsang atau melintang, serta terjadi pendarahan sebelum proses persalinan.<br />Pada beberapa keadaan, tindakan operasi caesar ini bisa direncanakan atau diputuskan jauh-jauh hari sebelumnya. Operasi ini disebut operasi caesar elektif. Kondisi ini dilakukan apabila dokter menemukan ada masalah kesehatan pada ibu atau ibu menderita suatu penyakit, sehingga tidak memungkinkan untuk melahirkan secara normal. Misalnya ibu menderita diabetes, HIV/AIDS, atau penyakit jantung, caesar bisa dilakukan secara elektif atau darurat (emergency). Elektif maksudnya operasi dilakukan dengan perencanaan yang matang jauh hari sebelum waktu persalinan. Sedangkan emergency berarti caesar dilakukan ketika proses persalinan sedang berlangsung, namun karena suatu keadaan kegawatan maka operasi caesar harus segera dilakukan.<br />Dokter akan meletakan forsep diantara kepala bayi dan memastikan itu terkunci dengan benar, artinya kepala bayi dicengkram dengan kuat dengan forsep. Kemudian forsep akan ditarik keluar sedangkan ibu tidak perlu mengejan terlalu kuat. Persalinan forsep biasanya membutuhkan episiotomi.<br />Forsep digunakan pada ibu pada keadaan sangat lemah, tidak ada tenaga, atau ibu dengan penyakit hipertensi yang tidak boleh mengejan, forsep dapat menjadi pilihan. Demikian pula jika terjadi gawat janin ketika janin kekurangan oksigen dan harus segera dikeluarkan. Apabila persalinan yang dibantu forsep telah dilakukan dan tetap tidak bisa mengeluarkan bayi, maka operasi caesar harus segera dilakukan.<br />Pada bayi dapat terjadi kerusakan saraf ketujuh (nervus fasialis), luka pada wajah dan kepala, serta patah tulang wajah dan tengkorak. Jika hal itu terjadi, bayi harus diawasi dengan ketat selama beberapa hari. Tergantung derajat keparahannya, luka tersebut akan sembuh sendiri. Sedangkan pada ibu, dapat terjadi luka pada jalan lahir atau robeknya rahim (ruptur uteri). <br />Kadang-kadang, risiko trauma atau cedera yang terjadi pada ibu atau bayi bisa lebih besar pada persalinan dengan alat bantu forceps daripada persalinan dengan alat bantu vakum. Kedua bagian alat forceps itu dipasang satu demi satu. Kalau yang satu mudah tapi yang kedua sulit sehingga miring atau tidak bisa dikunci, maka tidak boleh ditarik. Itu artinya pemasangan forceps gagal dan perlu diulang lagi. Bila dipaksakan, kondisi ini dapat mencederai ibu, dan bisa mencederai atau merobek bibir, hidung, mata atau bagian lain dari kepala bayi.<br /><br />D. Asfiksia<br />Asfiksia atau mati lemas adalah suatu keadaan berupa berkurangnya kadar oksigen (O2) dan berlebihnya kadar karbon dioksida (CO2) secara bersamaan dalam darah dan jaringan tubuh akibat gangguan pertukaran antara oksigen (udara) dalam alveoli paru-paru dengan karbon dioksida dalam darah kapiler paru-paru. Kekurangan oksigen disebut hipoksia dan kelebihan karbon dioksida disebut hiperkapnia.<br />Etiologi<br />Biasanya terjadi pada bayi yang dilahirkan dari ibu dengan komplikasi, misalnya DM,PEB, eritroblastosis fetalis, kelahiran kurang bulan.<br />• Terjadi apabila saat lahir bayi mengalami gangguan pertukaran gas dan transport O2 sehingga kekurangan persediaan O2 dan kesulitab pengeluaran CO2.<br />• Faktor yang terdapat pada janin / bayi karena sperti adanya gangguan aliran tali pusat yang menumbung, tali pusat melilit leher.<br />• Terjadinya depresi pernapasan bayi karena obat / analgetik yang diberikan pada ibu.<br />• Adanya gangguan tumbuh kembang intrauterin dan kelainan bawaan (aplasia paru, atresia saluran napas).<br />Patofisiologi<br />Bila terdapat gangguan pertukaran gas atau pengangkutan O2 selama kehamilan / persalinan, akan terjadi asfiksia. Keadaan ini akan mempengaruhi fungsi sel tubuh dan bila tidak teratasi akan menyebabkan kematian. Kerusakan dan gangguan ini dapat reversible atau tidak tergantung dari berat badan dan lamanya asfiksia. Asfiksia ringan yang terjadi dimulai dengan suatu periode appnoe, disertai penurunan frekuensi jantung. Selanjutnya bayi akan menunjukan usaha nafas, yang kemudian diikuti pernafasan teratur. Pada asfiksia sedang dan berat usaha nafas tidak tampak sehingga bayi berada dalam periode appnoe yang kedua, dan ditemukan pula bradikardi dan penurunan tekanan darah. Disamping perubahan klinis juga terjadi gangguan metabolisme dan keseimbangan asam dan basa pada neonatus. <br />Pada tingkat awal menimbulkan asidosis respiratorik, bila gangguan berlanjut terjadi metabolisme anaerob yang berupa glikolisis glikogen tubuh, sehingga glikogen tubuh pada hati dan jantung berkurang. Hilangnya glikogen yang terjadi pada kardiovaskuler menyebabkan gangguan fungsi jantung. Pada paru terjadi pengisian udara alveoli yang tidak adekuat sehingga menyebabkan resistensi pembuluh darah paru. Sedangkan di otak terjadi kerusakan sel otak yang dapat menimbulkan kematian atau gejala sisa pada kehidupan bayi selanjutnya.<br />Tanda dan Gejala<br />• Distres pernafasan (Apnu / megap-megap) <br />• Detak jantung <br />• Refleks / respons bayi lemah<br />• Tonus otot menurun<br />• Warna kulit biru / pucat<br /><br />Pemeriksaan Penunjang<br />• Foto polos dada<br />• USG kepala<br />• Laboratorium : darah rutin, analisa gas darah, serum elektrolit<br />Pemeriksaan Diagnostik<br />1. Analisa gas darah<br />2. Elektrolit darah<br />3. Gula darah<br />4. Baby gram<br />5. USG ( Kepala )<br />6. Penilaian APGAR score<br />7. Pemeriksaan EGC dab CT- Scan<br />8. Pengkajian spesifik<br />Penatalaksanaan<br />Tindakan dilakukan pada setiap bayi tanpa memandang nilai apgar. Segera setelah lahir, usahakan bayi mendapat pemanasan yang baik, harus dicegah atau dikurangi kehilangan panas pada tubuhnya, penggunaan sinar lampu untuk pemanasan luar dan untuk meringankan tubuh bayi, mengurangi evaporasi.<br />Bayi diletakkan dengan kepala lebih rendah, pengisapan saluran nafas bagian atas, segera dilakukan dengan hati-hati untuk menghindari timbulnya kerusakan mukosa jalan nafas, spasmus larink atau kolaps paru. Bila bayi belum berusaha untuk nafas, rangsangan harus segera dikerjakan, dapat berupa rangsangan nyeri dengan cara memukul kedua telapak kaki, menekan tendon Achilles atau pada bayi tertentu diberikan suntikan vitamin K.<br /><br /><br /><br />Komplikasi<br />Edema otal, perdarahan otak, anusia dan oliguria, hiperbilirubinumia, enterokolitis, nekrotikans, kejang, koma. Tindakan bag and mask berlebihan dapat menyebabkan pneumotoraks.<br />1. Otak : Hipokstik iskemik ensefalopati, edema serebri, palsi serebralis.<br />2. Jantung dan paru: Hipertensi pulmonal persisten pada neonatorum, perdarahan paru, edema paru.<br />3. Gastrointestinal: enterokolitis, nekrotikans.<br />4. Ginjal: tubular nekrosis akut, siadh.<br />5. Hematologi: dic<br />Diagnosis<br />Diagnosis hipoksia janin dapat dibuat dalam persalinan dengan ditemukannya tanda-tanda gawat janin. Tiga hal yang perlu diperhatikan. Denyut jantung janin. Frekuensi normal adalah antara120 dan 160 denyut/menit selama his frekuensi turun, tetapi diluar his kembali lagi kepada keadaan semula. Peningkatan kecepatan denyut jantung umumnya tidak besar, artinya frekuensi turun sampai dibawah 100 x/ menit diluar his dan lebih-lebih jika tidak teratur, hal itu merupakan tanda bahaya.<br />Mekonium dalam air ketuban. Mekonium pada presentasi – sungsang tidak ada, artinya akan tetapi pada presentasi kepala mungkin menunjukan gangguan. Oksigenisasi dan harus menimbulkan kewaspadaan. Biasanya mekonium dalam air ketuban pada presentasi kepaladapat merupakan indikasi untuk mengakhir persalinan bila hal itu dapat dilakukan dengan mudah.<br />Pemeriksaan pH darah janin. Dengan menggunakan amnioskop yang dimasukan lewat serviks dibuat sayatan kecil pada kulit pada kulit kepala janin dan diambil contoh darah janin. Darah ini diperiksa pH-nya. Adanya asidosis menyebabkan turunnya pH. Apabila pH itu sampai turun dibawah 7,2 hal itu dianggap sebagai tanda bahaya.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. Kesimpulan<br />Vakum adalah satu alat yang menggunakan cup penghisap yang dapat menarik bayi keluar dengan lembut. Persalinan dengan vakum dilakukan bila ada indikasi membahayakan kesehatan serta nyawa ibu atau anak, maupun keduanya.<br />Forsep merupakan alat bantu persalinan yang terbuat dari logam menyerupai sendok. Persalinan dengan forsef relatip lebih beresiko dan lebih sulit dilakukan dibandingkan dengan vakum<br /><br />B. Saran <br />Diharapkan sepanjang kehamilan ibu memeriksakan kehamilannya terutama apabila ibu merasakan sesuatu yang tidak sewajarnya, dianjurkan juga untuk USG guna mengetahui janin beserta letak tali pusatnya.<br /><br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Arif, Mansjoer, 2000. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Edisi III. Jakarta: FKUI. Markum. AN. 1991. Buku Ajar Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Jilid I. BCS. IKA Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta.<br />http://www.anakku.net/vakum-dan-forsep.html<br />http://itafebrianii.wordpress.com/2012/06/29/macam-macam-persalinan/<br />http://modulkesehatan.blogspot.com/Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-2658446654038969512013-05-21T18:27:00.002-07:002013-05-21T18:42:07.557-07:00Makalah Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)BAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar belakang<br />Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) adalah istilah klinis umum untuk infeksi traktus genital atas. Terdapat sekitar 1 juta kasus PID di Amerika Serikat setiap tahunnya. Prevalensi ini meningkat pada negara berkembang dengan masyarakat sosioekonomik rendah. <br />Lebih dari seperempat pasien PID membutuhkan rawatan di rumah sakit. Resiko meningkat pada daerah dengan prevalensi penyakit menular seksual tinggi akibat dari aktivitas seksual bebas dan berganti pasangan. Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia memiliki segala resiko yang menyebabkan rentannya terjadi PID pada wanita Indonesia. <br />Untuk itu, diperlukan pencegahan dan penatalaksanaan yang tepat untuk mengurangi prevalensi PID. Karenanya, dibutuhkan pengetahuan tentang PID agar dapat dicegah, didiagnosa dini, dan ditatalaksana dengan cepat dan segera. <br /><br />B. Tujuan<br />Adapun tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini adalah untuk membahas lebih lanjut dan menambah wawasan pembaca mengenai PID dalam populasi secara umum, deteksi dini, manifestasi klinis dan cara penatalaksanaannya secara tepat.<br /><br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Definisi<br />Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) adalah penyakit infeksi dan inflamasi pada traktur reproduksi bagian atas, termasuk uterus, tuba fallopi, dan struktur penunjang pelvis. PID merupakan sebuah spektrum infeksi pada traktus genitalia wanita yang termasuk di dalamnya endometritis, salpingitis, tuba-ovarian abses, dan peritonitis. <br />PID biasanya disebabkan oleh kolonisasi mikroorganisme di endoserviks yang bergerak ke atas menuju endometrium dan tuba fallopi. Inflamasi dapat timbul kapan saja dan pada titik manapun di traktus genitalia.<br /><br />B. Epidemiologi dan Faktor Resiko<br />Epidemiologi <br />PID adalah masalah kesehatan yang cukup sering. Sekitar 1 juta kasus PID terjadi di Amerika Serikat dalam setahun dan total biaya yang dikeluarkan melebihi 7 juta dollar per tahun. Lebih dari seperempat kasus PID membutuhkan rawatan inap. PID menyebabkan 0,29 kematian per 1000 wanita usia 15-44 tahun. Diperkirakan 100000 wanita menjadi infertil diakibatkan oleh PID.<br />WHO mengalami kesulitan dalam menentukan prevalensi PID akibat dari beberapa hal termasuk kurangnya pengenalan penyakit oleh pasien, kesulitan akses untuk merawat pasien, metode subjektif yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosa, dan kurangnya fasilitas diagnosti pada banyak negara berkembang, dan sistem kesehatan masyarakat yang sangat luas.<br />Faktor Resiko<br />Terdapat beberapa faktor resiko terjadinya PID, namun yang utama adalah aktivitas seksual. PID yang timbul setelah periode menstruasi pada wanita dengan aktivitas seksual berjumlah sekitar 85%, sedangkan 15% disebabkan karena luka pada mukosa misalnya akbiat AKDR atau kuretase.<br /> Resiko juga meningkat berkaitan dengan jumlah pasangan seksual. Wanita dengan lebih dari 10 pasangan seksual cenderung memiliki peningkatan resiko sebesar 3 kali lipat. <br /> Usia muda juga merupakan salah satu faktor resiko yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya kestabilan hubungan seksual dan mungkin oleh kurangnya imunitas. <br /> Factor resiko lainnya yaitu pemasangan kontrasepsi, etnik, status postmarital dimana resiko meningkat 3 kali dibanding yang tidak menikah, infeksi bakterial vaginosis, dan merokok. Peningkatan resiko PID ditemukan pada etnik berkulit putih dan pada golongan sosioekonomik rendah. PID sering muncul pada usia 15-19 tahun dan pada wanita yang pertama kali berhubungan seksual. <br />Pasien yang digolongkan memiliki resiko tinggi untuk PID adalah wanita berusia dibawah 25 tahun, menstruasi, memiliki pasangan seksual yang multipel, tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi, dan tinggal di daerah yang tinggi prevalensi penyakit menular seksual. PID juga sering timbul pada wanita yang pertama kali berhubungan seksual. Pemakaian AKDR meningkatkan resiko PID 2-3 kali lipat pada 4 bulan pertama setelah pemakaian, namun kemudian resiko kembali menurun. Wanita yang tidak berhubungan seksual secara aktif dan telah menjalani sterilisasi tuba, memiliki resiko yang sangat rendah untuk PID.<br /><br />C. Etiologi <br />PID biasanya disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme penyebab penyakit menular seksual seperti N. Gonorrhea dan C. Trachomatis. Mikroorganisme endogen yang ditemukan di vagina juga sering ditemukan pada traktus genitalia wanita dengan PID. Mikroorganisme tersebut termasuk bakteri anaerob seperti prevotella dan peptostreptokokus seperti G. vaginalis. Bakteri tersebut bersama dengan flora vagina menyebar secara asenden dan secara enzimatis merusak barier mukosa serviks.<br />N. gonorrhea dan C. Trachomatis telah diduga menjadi agen etiologi utama PID, baik secara tunggal maupun kombinasi. C. trachomatis adalah bakteri intraseluler patogen. Secara klinis, infeksi akibat parasit intraseluler obligat ini bermanifestasi dengan servisitis mukopurulen. <br />Bakteri fakultatif anaerob dan flora endogen vagina dan perineum juga diduga menjadi agen etiologi potensial untuk PID. Yang termasuk diantaranya adalah Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptokokus agalactiae, Peptostreptokokus, Bakteroides, dan mycoplasma genital, serta ureaplasma genital. Patogen nongenital lain yang dapat menyebabkan PID yaitu haemophilus influenza dan Haemophilus parainfluenza.<br />Actinomices diduga menyebabkan PID yang dipicu oleh penggunaan AKDR. Pada negara yang kurang berkembang, PID mungkin disebabkan juga oleh salpingitis granulomatosa yang disebabkan Mycobakterium tuberkulosis dan Schistosoma.<br /> <br />D. Patofisiologi<br />PID disebabkan oleh penyebaran mikroorganisme secara asenden ke traktus genital atas dari vagina dan serviks. Mekanisme pasti yang bertanggung jawab atas penyebaran tersebut tidak diketahui, namun aktivitas seksual mekanis dan pembukaan serviks selama menstruasi mungkin berpengaruh.<br />Banyak kasus PID timbul dengan 2 tahap. Tahap pertama melibatkan akuisisi dari vagina atau infeksi servikal. Penyakit menular seksual yang menyebabkannya mungkin asimptomatik. Tahap kedua timbul oleh penyebaran asenden langsung mikroorganisme dari vagina dan serviks. Mukosa serviks menyediakan barier fungsional melawan penyebaran ke atas, namun efek dari barier ini mungkin berkurang akibat pengaruh perubahan hormonal yang timbul selama ovulasi dan mestruasi. Gangguan suasana servikovaginal dapat timbul akibat terapi antibiotik dan penyakit menular seksual yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan flora endogen, menyebabkan organisme nonpatogen bertumbuh secara berlebihan dan bergerak ke atas. Pembukaan serviks selama menstruasi dangan aliran menstrual yang retrograd dapat memfasilitasi pergerakan asenden dari mikrooragnisme. Hubungan seksual juga dapat menyebabkan infeksi asenden akibat dari kontraksi uterus mekanis yang ritmik. Bakteri dapat terbawa bersama sperma menuju uterus dan tuba.<br />Faktor resiko meningkat pada wanita dengan pasangan seksual multipel, punya riwayat penyakit menular seksual sebelumnya, pernah PID, riwayat pelecehan seksual, berhubungan seksual usia muda, dan mengalami tindakan pembedahan. Usia muda mengalami peningkatan resiko akibat dari peningkatan permeabilitas mucosal serviks, zona servical ektopi yang lebih besar, proteksi antibody chlamidya yang masih rendah, dan peningkatan perilaku beresiko. Prosedur pembedahan dapat menghancurkan barier servikal, sehingga menjadi predisposisi terjadi infeksi.<br /><br />Figure 16.1 Micro-organisms originating in the endocervix ascend into the<br />endometrium, fallopian tubes, and peritoneum, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (endometritis,salpingitis,peritonitis).3 <br /><br /> AKDR telah diduga merupakan predisposisi terjadinya PID dengan memfasilitasi transmisi mikroorganisme ke traktus genitalia atas. Kontrasepsi oral justru mengurangi resiko PID yang simptomatik, mungkin dengan meningkatkan viskositas mukosa oral, menurunkan aliran menstrual antegrade dan retrograde, dan memodifikasi respon imun local.<br />Pada traktus bagian atas, jumlah mikroba dan factor host memiliki peranan terhadap derajat inflamasi dan parut yang dihasilkan. Infeksi uterus biasanya terbatas pada endometrium, namun dapat lebih invasive pada uterus yang gravid atau postpartum. Infeksi tuba awalnya melibatkan mukosa, tapi inflamasi transmural yang dimediasi komplemen yang bersifat akut dapat timbul cepat dan intensitas terjadinya infeksi lanjutan pun meningkat. Inflamasi dapat meluas ke struktur parametrial, termasuk usus. Infeksi dapat pula meluas oleh tumpahnya materi purulen dari tuba fallopi atau via penyebarana limfatik dalam pelvis menyebabkan peritonitis akut atau perihepatitis akut.<br /><br />E. Jenis – Jenis<br />Beberapa jenis inflamasi yang termasuk PID dan sering ditemukan adalah :<br />a. Salpingitis<br />Mikroorganisme yang tersering menyebabkan salpingitis adalag N. Gonorhea dan C. trachomatis. Salpingitis timbul pada remaja yang memiliki pasangan seksual multiple dan tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi. Gejala meliputi nyeri perut bawah dan nyeri pelvis yang akut. Nyeri dapat menjalar ke kaki. Dapat timbul sekresi vagina. Gejala tambahan berupa mual, muntah, dan nyeri kepala.<br />Temuan laboratorium yaitu normal leukosit atau leukositosis. Penatalaksanaan adalah dengan antimicrobial terapi. Pasien harus dihospitalisasi, tirah baring, dan diberi pengobatan empirik. Prognosis bergantung pada terapi antimicrobial spectrum luas dan istirahat yang total. Komplikasi berupa hidrosalping, pyosalping, abses tubaovarian, dan infertilitas.<br />b. Abses Tuba Ovarian<br />Abses ini dapat muncul setelah onset salpingitis, namun lebih sering akibat infeksi adnexa yang berulang. Pasien dapat asimptomatik atau dalam keadaan septic shock. Onset ditemukan 2 minggu setelah menstruasi dengan nyeri pelvis dan abdomen, mual, muntah, demam, dan takikardi. Seluruh abdomen tegang dan nyeri. Leukosit dapat rendah, normal, atau sangat meningkat.<br />Diagnosa diferensial yaitu kista ovarium, neoplasma ovarium, kehamilan ektopik, dan periapendiceal abses. Penatalaksanaan awal dengan antibiotik. Jika massa tidak mengecil setelah 2-3 minggu terapi antibiotic, merupakan indikasi pembedahan.<br /><br /><br />F. Diagnosis<br />Secara tradisional, diagnosa PID didasarkan pada trias tanda dan gejala yaitu, nyeri pelvik, nyeri pada gerakan serviks, dan nyeri tekan adnexa, dan adanya demam. Namun, saat ini telah terdapat beberapa variasi gejala dan tanda yang membuat diagnosis PID lebih sulit. beberapa wanita yang mengidap PID bahkan tidak bergejala.<br />Penegakan diagnosa dimulai dengan anemnese, dimana pasien dapat mengeluhkan gejala yang bervariasi. Gejala muncul pada saat awal siklus menstruasi atau pada saat akhir menstruasi. Nyeri abdomen bagian bawah dijumpai pada 90% kasus dengan kriteria nyeri tumpul, bilateral, dan konstan. Nyeri diperburuk oleh gerakan, olahraga, atau koitus. Nyeri dapat juga dirasakan seperti tertusuk, terbakar, atau kram. Nyeri biasanya berdurasi <7 hari. <br />Sekresi cairan vagina terjadi pada 75% kasus. Demam dengan suhu >38º, mual, dan muntah. Gejala tambahan yang lain meliputi perdarahan per vaginam, nyeri punggung bawah, dan disuria. Nyeri organ pelvis dijumpai pada PID. Adanya nyeri pada pergerakan serviks menandakan adanya inflamasi peritoneal yang menyebabkan nyeri saat peritoneum teregang pada pergerakan serviks dan menyebabkan tarikan pada adnexa.<br />PID dapat didiagnosa dengan riwayat nyeri pelvis, sekresi cairan vagina, nyeri tekan adnexa, demam, dan peningkatan leukosit. <br />1. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />Pada pemeriksaan fisik, biasanya didapati :<br />• Nyeri tekan perut bagian bawah<br />• Pada pemeriksaan pelvis dijumpai : sekresi cairan mukopurulen, nyeri pada pergerakan serviks, nyeri tekan uteri, nyeri tekan adnexa yang bilateral<br />• Mungkin ditemukan adanya massa adnexa<br />Beberapa tanda tambahan adalah :<br />• Suhu oral lebih dari 38ºC<br />2. Pemeriksaan Laboratorium<br />• Pada pemeriksaan darah rutin dijumpai jumlah leukosit lebih dari 100.000 pada 50% kasus. Hitung leukosit mungkin normal, meningkat, atau menurun, dan tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyingkirkan PID.<br />• Peningkatan erythrocyte sediment rate digunakan untuk membantu diagnose namun tetap tidak spesifik.<br />• Peningkatan c-reaktif protein, tidak spesifik.<br />• Pemeriksaan DNA dan kultur gonorrhea dan chlamidya digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi PID.<br />• Urinalisis harus dilakukan untuk menyingkirkan kemungkinan infeksi saluran kemih.<br />3. Pemeriksaan Radiologi<br />• Transvaginal ultrasonografi : pemeriksaan ini memperlihatkan adnexa, uterus, termasuk ovaroium. Pada pemeriksaan ini PID akut Nampak dengan adanya ketebalan dinding tuba lebih dari 5 mm, adanya septa inkomplit dalam tuba, cairan mengisi tuba fallopi, dan tanda cogwheel. Tuba fallopi normal biasanya tidak terlihat pada USG.<br />• CT digunakan untuk mendiagnosa banding PID. Penemuan CT pada PID adalah servisitis, ooforitis, salpingitis, penebalan ligament uterosakral, dan adanya abses atau kumpulan cairan pelvis. Penemuan CT scan tidak spesifik pada kasus PID dimana tidak bukati abses.<br />• MRI jarang mengindikasikan PID. Namun jika digunakan akan terlihat penebalan, tuba yang berisi cairan dengan atau tanpa cairan pelvis bebas atau kompleks tubaovarian.<br />4. Prosedur Lain <br />Laparoskopi adalah standar baku untuk diagnosis defenitif PID. Mengevaluasi cairan di dalam abdomen dilakukan untuk menginterpretasi kerusakan. Pus menunjukkan adanya abses tubaovarian, rupture apendiks, atau abses uterin. Darah ditemukan pada ruptur kehamilan ektopik, kista korpus luteum, mestruasi retrograde, dll.<br />Criteria minimum pada laparoskopi untuk mendiagnosa PID adalah edema dinding tuba, hyperemia permukaan tuba, dan adanya eksudat pada permukaan tuba dan fimbriae. Massa pelvis akibat abses tubaovarian atau kehamilan ektopik dapat terlihat.<br />Endometrial biopsi dapat dilakukan untuk mendiagnosa endometritis secara histopatologis. <br />G. Diagnosa Differensial <br />Beberapa diagnosa banding untuk PID adalah :<br />1. Tumor adnexa<br />2. Appendicitis<br />3. Servisitis<br />4. Kista ovarium<br />5. Torsio ovarium<br />6. Aborsi spontan<br />7. Infeksi saluran kemih<br />8. Kehamilan ektopik<br />9. Endometriosis<br /><br />H. Pencegahan <br />Beberapa pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut : <br />1. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan mecegah terjadi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh kuman penyebab penyakit menular seksual, terutama chlamidya. Peningkatan edukasi masyarakat, penapisan rutin, diagnosis dini, serta penanganan yang tepat terhadap infeksi chlamidya berpengaruh besar dalam menurunkan angka PID. Edukasi hendaknya focus pada metode pencegahan penyakit menular seksual, termasuk setia terhadap satub pasangan, menghindari aktivitas seksual yang tidak aman, dan menggunakan pengaman secara rutin.<br />2. Adanya program penapisan penyakit menular seksual dapat mencegah terjadinya PID pada wanita. Mengadakan penapisan terhadap pria perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah penularan kepada wanita.<br />3. Pasien yang telah didiagnosa dengan PID atau penyakit menular seksual harus diterapi hingga tuntas, dan terapi juga dilakukan terhadap pasangannya untuk mencegah penularan kembali.<br />4. Wanita usia remaja harus menghindari aktivitas seksual hingga usia 16 tahun atau lebih.<br />5. Kontrasepsi oral dikatakan dapat mengurangi resiko PID.<br />6. Semua wanita berusia 25 tahun ke atas harus dilakukan penapisan terhadap chlamidya tanpa memandang faktor resiko.<br />I. Penatalaksanaan<br />CDC memperbaharui panduan untuk diagnosis dan manajemen PID. Panduan CDC terbaru membagi criteria diagnostic menjadi 3 grup :<br />1. Grup 1 : minimum kriteria dimana terapi empiris diindikasikan bila tidak ada etiologi yang dapat dijelaskan. Kriterianya yaitu adanya nyeri tekan uterin atau adnexa dan nyeri saat pergerakan serviks.<br />2. Grup 2 : kriteria tambahan mengembangkan spesifisitas diagnostic termasuk kriteria berikut : suhu oral >38,3ºC, adanya secret mukopurulen dari servical atau vaginal, peningkatan erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peningkatan c-reactif protein, adanya bukti laboratorium infeksi servikalis oleh N. gonorhea atau C. trachomatis. <br />3. Grup 3 : kriteria spesifik untuk PID didasarkan pada prosedur yang tepat untuk beberapa pasien yaitu konfirmasi laparoskopik, ultrasonografi transvaginal yang memperlihatkan penebalan, tuba yang terisi cairan dengan atau tanpa cairan bebas pada pelvis, atau kompleks tuba-ovarian, dan endometrial biopsy yang memperlihatkan endometritis. <br />Kebanyakan pasien diterapi dengan rawatan jalan, namun terdapat indikasi untuk dilakukan hospitalisasi yaitu :<br />• Diagnosis yang tidak jelas<br />• Abses pelvis pada ultrasonografi<br />• Kehamilan<br />• Gagal merespon dengan perawatan jalan<br />• Ketidakmampuan untuk bertoleransi terhadap regimen oral<br />• Sakit berat atau mual muntah <br />• Imunodefisiensi<br />• Gagal untuk membaik secara klinis setelah 72 jam terapi rawat jalan<br />Terapi dimulai dengan terapi antibiotik empiris spectrum luas. Jika terdapat AKDR, harus segera dilepas setelah pemberian antibiotic empiris pertama. Terapi terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu terapi untuk pasien rawat inap dan rawat jalan.<br />Terapi pasien rawatan inap <br />Regimen A : berikan cefoxitin 2 gram iv atau cefotetan 2 gr iv per 12 jam ditambah doxisiklin 100 mg per oral atau iv per 12 jam. Lanjutkan regimen ini selama 24 jam setelah pasien pasien membaik secara klinis, lalu mulai doxisiklin 100 mg per oral 2 kali sehari selama 14 hari. Jika terdapat abses tubaovarian, gunakan metronoidazole atau klindamisin untuk menutupi bakteri anaerob.<br />Regimen B : berikan clindamisin 900 mg iv per 8 jam tambah gentamisin 2 mg/kg BB dosis awal iv diikuti dengan dosis lanjutan 1,5 mg/kg BB per 8 jam. Terapi iv dihentikan 24 jam setelah pasien membaik secara klinis, dan terapi per oral 100 mg doxisiklin dilanjutkan hingga 14 hari. <br />Terapi pasien rawatan jalan<br />Regimen A : berikan ceftriaxone 250 mg im dosis tunggal tambah doxisiklin 100 mg oral 2 kali sehari selama 14 hari, dengan atau tanpa metronidazole 500 mg 2 kali sehari selama 14 hari. <br />Regimen B : berikan cefoxitin 2 gr im dosis tunggal dan proibenecid 1 gr per oral dosis tunggal atau dosis tunggal cephalosporin generasi ketiga tambah dozisiklin 100 mg oral 2 kali sehari selama 14 hari dengan atau tanpa metronidazole 500 mg oral 2 kali sehari selama 14 hari. <br />Pasien dengan terapi intravena dapat digantika dengan terapi per oral setelah 24 jam perbaikan klinis. Dan dilanjutkan hingga total 14 hari. Penanganan juga termasuk penanganan simptomatik seperti antiemetic, analgesia, antipiretik, dan terapi cairan. <br />Terapi Pembedahan<br />Pasien yang tidak mengalami perbaikan klinis setelah 72 jam terapi harus dievaluasi ulang bila mungkin dengan laparoskopi dan intervensi pembedahan. Laparotomi digunakan untuk kegawatdaruratan sepeti rupture abses, abses yang tidak respon terhadap pengobatan, drainase laparoskopi. Penanganan dapat pula berupa salpingoooforektomi, histerektomi, dan bilateral salpingooforektomi. Idealnya, pembedahan dilakukan bila infeksi dan inflamasi telah membaik. <br /><br />J. Prognosis<br />Prognosis pada umunya baik jika didiagnosa dan diterapi segera.2 Terapi dengan antibiotik memiliki angka kesuksesan sebesar 33-75%. Terapi pembedahan lebih lanjut dibutuhkan pada 15-20% kasus. Nyeri pelvis kronik timbul oada 25% pasien dengan riwayat PID. Nyeri ini disangka berhubungan dengan perubahan siklus menstrual, tapi dapat juga sebagai akibat perlengketan atau hidrosalping. Gangguan fertilitas adalah masalah terbesar pada wanita dengan riwayat PID. Rerata infertilitas meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan frekuensi infeksi. Resiko kehamilan ektopik meningkat pada wanita dengan riwayat PID sebagai akibat kerusakan langsung tuba fallopi.<br /><br />K. Komplikasi<br />Abses tuba ovarian adalah komplikasi tersering dari PID akut, dan timbul pada sekitar 15-30% wanita yang dirawat inap di RS. Sekuele yang berkepanjangan, termasuk nyeri pelvis kronik, kehamilan ektopik, infertilitas, dan kegagalan implantasi dapat timbul pada 25% pasien. Lebih dari 100000 wanita diperkirakan akan mengalami infertilitas akibat PID.<br />Keterlambatan diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan dapat menyebabkan sekuele seperti infertilitas. Mortalitas langsung muncul pada 0,29 pasien per 100000 kasus pada wanita usia 15-44 tahun. Penyebab kematian yang utama adalah rupturnya abses tuba-ovarian. Kehamilan ektopik 6 kali lebih sering terjadi pada wanita dengan PID.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />Kesimpulan<br />Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) adalah penyakit infeksi dan inflamasi pada traktur reproduksi bagian atas, termasuk uterus, tuba fallopi, dan struktur penunjang pelvis. PID biasanya disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme penyebab penyakit menular seksual seperti N. Gonorrhea dan C. Trachomatis. PID disebabkan oleh penyebaran mikroorganisme secara asenden ke traktus genital atas dari vagina dan seviks. Mekanisme pasti yang bertanggung jawab atas penyebaran tersebut tidak diketahui, namun aktivitas seksual mekanis dan pembukaan serviks selama menstruasi mungkin berpengaruh. Secara tradisional, diagnose PID didasarkan pada trias tanda dan gejala yaitu, nyeri pelvic, nyeri pada gerakan serviks, dan nyeri tekan adnexa, dan adanya demam. Laparoskopi adalah standar baku untuk diagnosis defenitif PID. Terapi dimulai dengan terapi antibiotik empiris spectrum luas. Penanganan juga termasuk penanganan simptomatik seperti antiemetic, analgesia, antipiretik, dan terapi cairan. Pasien yang tidak mengalami perbaikan klinis setelah 72 jam terapi harus dievaluasi ulang bila mungkin dengan laparoskopi dan intervensi pembedahan. Prognosis pada umunya baik jika didiagnosa dan diterapi segera. Prognosis pada umunya baik jika didiagnosa dan diterapi segera.<br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Berek, Jonathan S. 2007. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease dalam Berek & Novak’s Gynekology 14th Edition. California : Lippincott William & Wilkins. <br />Edmonds, Keith D. 2007. The Role of Ultrasound in Gynaecology dalam Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology 7th edition. London : Blackwell Publishing. <br />Mudgil, Shikha. 2009. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease/Tubo-ovarian Abscess. Diunduh dari : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/404537-print [diperbaharui tanggal 16 Maret 2013]<br />Pernoll, Martin L. 2001. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease dalam Benson & Pernoll’s handbook of Obstetric and Gynecology 10th edition. USA : McGrawhill Companies. <br />Reyes, Iris. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. 2010. Diunduh dari : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/796092-print [diperbaharui tanggal 16 Maret 2013]<br />Shepherd, Suzanne M. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. 2010. Diunduh dari : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-print [diperbaharui tanggal 16 Maret 2013]<br />http://modulkesehatan.blogspot.com/Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-1709744517288405752013-05-21T18:25:00.000-07:002013-05-21T18:42:07.556-07:00Makalah Kesehatan Reproduksi RemajaBAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar Belakang<br />Data demografi menunjukkan bahwa remaja merupakan populasi yang besar dari penduduk dunia, WHO (1995) sekitar seperlima dari penduduk dunia adalah remaja. Sekitar 900 juta berada di negara sedang berkembang. Di Indonesia menurut Biro PusatStatistik (1999) kelompok remaja adalah sekitar 22% yang terdiri dari 50,9% remaja lakilaki dan 49,1% remaja perempuan (dikutip dari Nancy P, 2002).<br />Masa remaja merupakan masa peralihan antara masa kanak-kanak dan masa dewasa, yang dimulai pada saat terjadinya kematangan seksual. Remaja tidak mempunyai tempat yang jelas, yaitu bahwa mereka tidak termasuk golongan anak-anak tetapi tidak juga termasuk golongan dewasa. Perkembangan biologis dan psikologis remaja dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan lingkungan dan sosial. Oleh karena itu remaja akan berjuang untuk melepaskan ketergantungannya kepada orang tua dan berusaha mencapai kemandirian sehingga mereka dapat diterima dan diakui sebagai orang dewasa. Memasuki masa remaja yang diawali dengan terjadinya kematangan seksual, maka remaja akan dihadapkan pada keadaan yang memerlukan penyesuaian untuk dapatmenerima perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi. Kematangan seksual dan terjadinya perubahan bentuk tubuh sangat berpengaruh pada kehidupan kejiwaan remaja.<br />Masalah remaja (usia >10-1,9 tahun) merupakan masalah yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pembangunan nasional di Indonesia. Masalah remaja terjadi, karena mereka tidak dipersiapkan mengenai pengetahuan tentang aspek yang berhubungan dengan masalah peralihan dari masa anak ke dewasa. Masalah kesehatan remaja mencakup aspek fisik biologis dan mental, sosial. Perubahan fisik yang pesat dan perubahan endokrin/ hormonal yang sangat dramatik merupakan pemicu masalah kesehatan remaja serius karena timbuhnya dorongan motivasi seksual yang menjadikan remaja rawan terhadap penyakit dan masalah kesehatan reproduksi, kehamilan remaja dengan segala konsekuensinya yaitu: hubungan seks pranikah, aborsi, PMS & RIV-AIDS serta narkotika.<br />Permasalahan remaja seringkali berakar dari kurangnya informasi dan pemahaman serta kesadaran untuk mencapai sehat secara reproduksi. Di sisi lain, remaja sendiri mengalami perubahan fisik yang cepat. Akses untuk mendapatkan informasi bagi remaja banyak yang tertutup. Dengan memperluas akses informasi tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja yang benar dan jujur bagi remaja akan membuat remaja makin sadar terhadap tanggung jawab perilaku reproduksinya. Dengan makin banyaknya persoalan kesehatan reproduksi remaja, maka pemberian informasi, layanan dan pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi remaja menjadi sangat penting.<br /><br />B. Rumusan Masalah<br />Masalah yang ingin dibahas dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah bagaimana tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja.<br /><br />C. Tujuan<br />Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja.<br /><br />D. Manfaat<br />Manfaat yang ingin dicapai dalam penulisan makalah ini agar :<br />a. Penulis mendapatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja<br />b. Pembaca memperoleh pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja<br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Pengertian<br />1. Kesehatan Reproduksi<br />Kesehatan reproduksi menurut WHO adalah suatu keadaan fisik, mental dan sosial yang utuh, bukan hanya bebas dari penyakit atau kecacatan dalam segala aspek yang berhubungan dengan sistem reproduksi, fungsi serta prosesnya. Atau Suatu keadaan dimana manusia dapat menikmati kehidupan seksualnya serta mampu menjalankan fungsi dan proses reproduksinya secara sehat dan aman.<br />Pengertian lain kesehatan reproduksi dalam Konferensi International Kependudukan dan Pembangunan, yaitu kesehatan reproduksi adalah keadaan sejahtera fisik, mental dan sosial yang utuh dalam segala hal yang berkaitan dengan fungsi, peran & sistem reproduksi.<br />Kesehatan reproduksi remaja adalah suatu kondisi sehat yang menyangkut sistem, fungsi dan proses reproduksi yang dimiliki oleh remaja. Pengertian sehat disini tidak semata-mata berarti bebas penyakit atau bebas dari kecacatan namun juga sehat secara mental serta sosial kultural (Fauzi., 2008).<br />2. Remaja<br />Menurut Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), remaja (adolescence) adalah mereka yang berusia 10-19 tahun. Sementara dalam terminologi lain PBB menyebutkan anak muda (youth) untuk mereka yang berusia 15-24 tahun. Ini kemudian disatukan dalam sebuah terminologi kaum muda (young people) yang mencakup 10-24 tahun.<br />Dalam program BKKBN disebutkan bahwa remaja adalah mereka yang berusia antara 10-24 tahun. Menurut Hurlock (1993), masa remaja adalah masa yang penuh dengan kegoncangan, taraf mencari identitas diri dan merupakan periode yang paling berat.<br />Masa remaja adalah masa transisi yang ditandai oleh adanya perubahan fisik, emosidan psikis. Masa remaja adalah suatu periode masa pematangan organ reproduksi manusia, dan sering disebut masa peralihan. Masa remaja merupakan periode peralihan dari masa anak ke masa dewasa.<br /><br />B. Tumbuh Kembang Remaja<br />Tumbuh kembangnya seorang remaja menuju dewasa, berdasarkan kematangan psikososial dan seksual. Semua remaja akan melewati tahapan berikut :<br />1. Masa remaja awal/dini (early adolescence) : umur 11 – 13 tahun.<br />Dengan ciri khas : ingin bebas, lebih dekat dengan teman sebaya, mulai berfikir abstrak dan lebih banyak memperhatikan keadaan tubuhnya.<br />2. Masa remaja pertengahan (middle adolescence) : umur 14 – 16 tahun.<br />Dengan ciri khas : mencari identitas diri, timbul keinginan untuk berkencan, berkhayal tentang seksual, mempunyai rasa cinta yang mendalam.<br />3. Masa remaja lanjut (late adolescence) : umur 17 – 20 tahun.<br />Dengan ciri khas : mampu berfikir abstrak, lebih selektif dalam mencari teman sebaya,mempunyai citra jasmani dirinya, dapat mewujudkan rasa cinta, pengungkapan kebebasan diri.<br />Tahapan ini mengikuti pola yang konsisten untuk masing-masing individu. Walaupun setiap tahap mempunyai ciri tersendiri tetapi tidak mempunyai batas yang jelas, karena proses tumbuh kembang berjalan secara berkesinambungan.<br />Terdapat ciri yang pasti dari pertumbuhan somatik pada remaja, yaitu peningkatan massa tulang, otot, massa lemak, kenaikan berat badan, perubahan biokimia, yang terjadi pada kedua jenis kelamin baik laki-laki maupun perempuan walaupun polanya berbeda.<br />a. Pertumbuhan fisik pada remaja perempuan :<br />1) Mulai menstruasi.<br />2) Payudara dan pantat membesar.<br />3) Indung telur membesar.<br />4) Kulit dan rambut berminyak dan tumbuh jerawat.<br />5) Vagina mengeluarkan cairan.<br />6) Mulai tumbuh bulu di ketiak dan sekitar vagina.<br />7) Tubuh bertambah tinggi.<br />b. Perubahan fisik yang terjadi pada remaja laki-laki :<br />1) Terjadi perubahan suara mejadi besar dan mantap.<br />2) Tumbuh bulu disekitar ketiak dan alat kelamin.<br />3) Tumbuh kumis.<br />4) Mengalami mimpi basah.<br />5) Tumbuh jakun.<br />6) Pundak dan dada bertambah besar dan bidang.<br />7) Penis dan buah zakar membesar.<br />c. Perubahan psikis juga terjadi baik pada remaja perempuan maupun remaja laki-laki, mengalami perubahan emosi, pikiran, perasaan, lingkungan pergaulan dan tanggung jawab, yaitu :<br />1) Remaja lebih senang berkumpul diluar rumah dengan kelompoknya.<br />2) Remaja lebih sering membantah atau melanggar aturan orang tua.<br />3) Remaja ingin menonjolkan diri atau bahkan menutup diri.<br />4) Remaja kurang mempertimbangkan maupun menjadi sangat tergantung pada kelompoknya.<br />5) Hal tersebut diatas menyebabkan remaja menjadi lebih mudah terpengaruh oleh hal-hal yang negatif dari lingkungan barunya.<br />Selain yang terlihat di luar, perubahan juga terjadi di dalam tubuh dan tidak tampak dari luar. Otak akan mengeluarkan zat-zat kimia yang disebut hormon.Hormon ini akan mempengaruhi perubahan fisik dan emosi seseorang pada masa pubertas, terutama: Estrogen dan Progesteron pada remaja perempuan, diproduksi indung telur Testosteron pada remaja laki-laki, diproduksi oleh testis. Hormon-hormon yang mempengaruhi perubahan alat-alat reproduksi dari anak menjadi remaja:<br />Pada remaja perempuan: rahim, saluran telur, indung telur, rongga panggul dan vagina tumbuh seakan bersiap untuk melakukan fungsi dan proses reproduksi yang ditandai dengan adanya siklus Menstruasi.<br />Pada remaja laki-laki: prostat dan seminal, uretra (saluran kencing), testis (buah zakar), dan penis juga tumbuh membesar dan mulai mengeluarkan cairan yang gunanya sebagai tempat berkembangnya sperma serta diproduksinya sperma yang ditandai dengan Mimpi Basah<br />Menstruasi<br />Siklus menstruasi meliputi :<br />• Indung telur mengeluarkan telur (ovulasi) kurang lebih 14 hari sebelum menstruasi yang akan datang.<br />• Telur berada dalam saluran telur, selaput lendir rahim menebal.<br />• Telur berada dalam rahim, selaput lendir rahim menebal dan siap menerima hasil pembuahan.<br />• Bila tidak ada pembuahan, selaput rahim akan lepas dari dinding rahim dan terjadi perdarahan. Telur akan keluar dari rahim bersama darah.<br />Masa subur adalah 14 hari sebelum menstruasi berikutnya.<br />• Bila sel telur dalam perjalanannya menuju dinding rahim (masa subur) tidak bertemu dengan sel sperma (artinya, tidak terjadi hubungan seksual pada masa subur), maka sel telur beserta lapisan dalam dinding rahim tempatnya bersarang luruh dan keluar melalui lubang vagina sebagai darah haid/menstruasi.<br />• Setelah haid selesai (5 – 7 hari), indung telur mulai bersiap untuk melepas sel telur berikutnya, di bawah pengaruh hormon estrogen<br />• Demikian seterusnya setiap bulan, sehingga siklus haid dianggap siklus bulanan, dan haid dikatakan “datang bulan”<br />• Rasa nyeri (kram) perut yang menyertai bisa ringan, tetapi bila sangat nyeri, dianjurkan untuk diperiksakan ke dokter. Panjang siklus menstruasi berbeda-beda setiap perempuan. Ada yang 26 hari, 28 hari, 30 hari, atau bahkan ada yang 40 hari. Lama menstruasi pada umumnya 5 hari, namun kadang-kadang ada yang lebih cepat 2 hari atau bahkan sampai 5 hari. Jumlah seluruh darah yang dikeluarkan biasanya antara 30 – 80 ml.<br />Mimpi Basah<br />Ketika seseorang laki-laki memasuki masa pubertas, terjadi pematangan sperma didalam testis. Sperma yang telah diproduksi ini akan dikeluarkan melalui Vas Deferens kemudian berada dalam cairang mani yang diproduksi oleh kelenjar prostat. Air mani yang telah mengandung sperma ini akan keluar yang disebut ejakulasi. Ejakulasi yang tanpa rangsangan yang nyata disebut mimpi basah.<br />C. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja<br />Kesehatan reproduksi remaja dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal yaitu:<br />1. Kebersihan organ-organ genital<br />2. Akses terhadap pendidikan kesehatan<br />3. Hubungan seksual pranikah<br />4. Penyalahgunaan NAPZA<br />5. Pengaruh media massa<br />6. Akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan reproduksi<br />7. Hubungan harmonis dengan keluarga<br />D. Masalah Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja<br />Kuatnya norma sosial yang menganggap seksualitas adalah tabu akan berdampak pada kuatnya penolakan terhadap usulan agar pendidikan seksualitas terintegrasikan ke dalam kurikulum pendidikan. Sekalipun sejak reformasi bergulir hal ini telah diupayakan oleh sejumlah pihak seperti organisasi-organisasi non pemerintah (NGO), dan juga pemerintah sendiri (khususnya Departemen Pendidikan Nasional), untuk memasukkan seksualitas dalam mata pelajaran ’Pendidikan Reproduksi Remaja’, namun hal ini belum sepenuhnya mampu mengatasi problem riil yang dihadapi remaja. Faktanya, masalah terkait seksualitas dan kesehatan reproduksi masih banyak dihadapi oleh remaja. Masalah-masalah tersebut antara lain :<br />1. Perkosaan<br />Kejahatan perkosaan ini biasanya banyak sekali modusnya. Korbannya tidak hanya remaja perempuan, tetapi juga laki-laki (sodomi). Remaja perempuan rentan mengalami perkosaan oleh sang pacar, karena dibujuk dengan alasan untuk menunjukkan bukti cinta.<br />2. Free sex<br />Seks bebas ini dilakukan dengan pasangan atau pacar yang berganti-ganti. Seks bebas pada remaja ini (di bawah usia 17 tahun) secara medis selain dapat memperbesar kemungkinan terkena infeksi menular seksual dan virus HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus), juga dapat merangsang tumbuhnya sel kanker pada rahim remaja perempuan. Sebab, pada remaja perempuan usia 12-17 tahun mengalami perubahan aktif pada sel dalam mulut rahimnya. Selain itu, seks bebas biasanya juga dibarengi dengan penggunaan obat-obatan terlarang di kalangan remaja. Sehingga hal ini akan semakin memperparah persoalan yang dihadapi remaja terkait kesehatan reproduksi ini.<br />3. Kehamilan Tidak Diinginkan (KTD)<br />Hubungan seks pranikah di kalangan remaja didasari pula oleh mitos-mitos seputar masalah seksualitas. Misalnya saja, mitos berhubungan seksual dengan pacar merupakan bukti cinta. Atau, mitos bahwa berhubungan seksual hanya sekali tidak akan menyebabkan kehamilan. Padahal hubungan seks sekalipun hanya sekali juga dapat menyebabkan kehamilan selama si remaja perempuan dalam masa subur.<br />4. Aborsi<br />Aborsi merupakan keluarnya embrio atau janin dalam kandungan sebelum waktunya. Aborsi pada remaja terkait KTD biasanya tergolong dalam kategori aborsi provokatus, atau pengguguran kandungan yang sengaja dilakukan. Namun begitu, ada juga yang keguguran terjadi secara alamiah atau aborsi spontan. Hal ini terjadi karena berbagai hal antara lain karena kondisi si remaja perempuan yang mengalami KTD umumnya tertekan secara psikologis, karena secara psikososial ia belum siap menjalani kehamilan. Kondisi psikologis yang tidak sehat ini akan berdampak pula pada kesehatan fisik yang tidak menunjang untuk melangsungkan kehamilan.<br />5. Perkawinan Dan Kehamilan Dini<br />Nikah dini ini, khususnya terjadi di pedesaan. Di beberapa daerah, dominasi orang tua biasanya masih kuat dalam menentukan perkawinan anak dalam hal ini remaja perempuan. Alasan terjadinya pernikahan dini adalah pergaulan bebas seperti hamil di luar pernikahan dan alasan ekonomi. Remajayang menikah dini, baik secara fisik maupun biologis belum cukup matang untukmemiliki anak sehingga rentan menyebabkan kematian anak dan ibu pada saat melahirkan. Perempuan dengan usia kurang dari 20 tahun yang menjalani kehamilansering mengalami kekurangan gizi dan anemia. Gejala ini berkaitan dengan distribusimakanan yang tidak merata, antara janin dan ibu yang masih dalam tahap proses pertumbuhan.<br />6. IMS (Infeksi Menular Seksual) atau PMS (Penyakit Menular Seksual), dan HIV/AIDS.<br />IMS ini sering disebut juga penyakit kelamin atau penyakit yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual. Sebab IMS dan HIV sebagian besar menular melalui hubungan seksual baik melalui vagina, mulut, maupun dubur. Untuk HIV sendiri bisa menular dengan transfusi darah dan dari ibu kepada janin yang dikandungnya. Dampak yang ditimbulkannya juga sangat besar sekali, mulai dari gangguan organ reproduksi, keguguran, kemandulan, kanker leher rahim, hingga cacat pada bayi dan kematian.<br /><br />E. Penanganan Masalah Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja<br />Ruang lingkup masalah kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dan laki-laki menggunakan pendekatan siklus kehidupan. Berdasarkan masalah yang terjadi pada setiap fase kehidupan, maka upaya- upaya penanganan masalah kesehatan reproduksi remaja sebagai berikut :<br />1. Gizi seimbang.<br />2. Informasi tentang kesehatan reproduksi.<br />3. Pencegahan kekerasan, termasuk seksual.<br />4. Pencegahan terhadap ketergantungan NAPZA.<br />5. Pernikahan pada usia wajar.<br />6. Pendidikan dan peningkatan ketrampilan.<br />7. Peningkatan penghargaan diri.<br />8. Peningkatan pertahanan terhadap godaan dan ancaman.<br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. Kesimpulan<br />Masalah kesehatan remaja mencakup aspek fisik biologis dan mental, sosial. Perubahan fisik yang pesat dan perubahan endokrin/ hormonal yang sangat dramatik merupakan pemicu masalah kesehatan remaja serius karena timbuhnya dorongan motivasi seksual yang menjadikan remaja rawan terhadap penyakit dan masalah kesehatan reproduksi, kehamilan remaja dengan segala konsekuensinya yaitu: hubungan seks pranikah, aborsi, PMS & RIV-AIDS serta narkotika. Permasalahan remaja seringkali berakar dari kurangnya informasi dan pemahaman serta kesadaran untuk mencapai sehat secara reproduksi. Di sisi lain, remaja sendiri mengalami perubahan fisik yang cepat. Harus ada keyakinan bersama bahwa membangun generasi penerus yang berkualitas perlu dimulai sejak anak, bahkan sejak dalam kandungan.<br />Pemberian informasi ini dengan tujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan yang pada gilirannya mampu memberikan pilihan kepada remaja untuk bertindak secara bertanggung jawab, baik kepada dirinya maupun keluarga dan masyarakat.<br /><br />B. Saran<br />1. Perlu dibangun komitmen bersama antar elemen, baik pemerintah maupun masyarakat yang menetapkan kesehatan reproduksi remaja sebagai agenda/isu bersama dan penting.<br />2. Perlu pendekatan kepada pihak yang berkompeten dalam pembinaan remaja melalui pembekalan.<br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Harris, Robie H. Changing Bodies, Growing Up, Sex, and Sexual Health: It’s<br />Perfectly Normal. Cambridge, MD: Candlewick Press, 1996.<br />Mukhatib MD. 2009. Problem Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja: Tawaran Solusi, disampaikan pada Seminar Nasional Seksualitas dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja di PP.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-45865636628934292952013-05-20T23:04:00.001-07:002013-05-21T18:42:07.559-07:00Makalah Tingkat KesuburanBAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar Belakang<br />Tingkat kesuburan masyarakat mempengaruhi kesehatan reproduksi yang merupakan bagian penting dan merupakan paling utama dalam upaya mencapai kehidupan yang berkualitas karena kesehatan reproduksi merupakan refleksi dari kesehatan konsepsi, kesehatan anak, remaja dan masa dewasa, dengan demikian kesehatan reproduksi menentukan kesehatan wanita dan pria serta generasi selanjutnya.<br />Fertilitas ialah kemampuan seorang wanita untuk hamil dan melahirkan anak hidup oleh pria yang mampu menghamilinya. Jadi, fertilitas merupakan kemampuan fungsi satu pasangan yang sanggup menjadikan kehamilan dan kelahiran anak hidup. Sebelum dan sesudahnya tidak seorangpun tahu, apakah pasangan itu fertil atau tidak. Riwayat fertilitas sebelumnya sama sekali tidak menjamin fertilitas dikemudian hari, baik pada pasangan itu sendiri maupun berlainan pasangan.<br />Penyelidikan lamanya waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kehamilan menunjukkan bahwa 32,7% hamil dalam satu bulan pertama, 57% dalam 3 bulan, 72,1% dalam 6 bulan, 85,4% dalam12 bulan, dan 93,4% dalam 24 bulan. Waktu median yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kehamilan ialah 2,3 bulan sampai 2,8 bulan. Makin lama pasangan itu kawin tanpa kehamilan, makin turun kejadian kehamilannya. Oleh karena itu, kebanyakan dokter baru menganggap ada masalah infertilitas kalau pasangan yang ingin punya anak, dihadapkan pada kemungkinan kehamilan lebih dari 12 bulan.<br />Infertilitas merupakan ketidakmampuan seorang wanita untuk menjadi hamil dan melahirkan anak, dengan melakukan hubungan seksual secara rutin dan teratur selama satu tahun berkumpul bersama. Disebut Infertilitas primer, kalau istri belum pernah hamil selama 12 bulan walaupun bersenggama secara rutin. Dan disebut infertilitas sekunder, kalau istri pernah hamil, akan tetapi kemudian tidak terjadi kehamilan lagi walaupun bersenggama.<br />Berdasarkan catatan WHO , di dunia ada sekitar 50-80 juta pasangan suami istri mempunyai problem infertilitas dan setiap tahunnya muncul sekitar 2 juta pasangan infertil baru. Tidak tertutup kemungkinan jumlah itu akan terus meningkat.<br /><br />B. Rumusan Masalah<br />1. Apa pengertian dari fertilitas dan infertilitas ?<br />2. Apa saja penyabab terjadinya infertilitas ?<br />3. Bagaimana perkembangan masalah infertilitas sampai saat ini ?<br />4. Upaya-upaya apa sajakah yang harus dilakukan oleh bidan untuk mengatasi masalah infertilitas ?<br /><br />C. Tujuan<br />1. Umum<br />Mengetahui perkembangan masalah infertilitas serta upaya-upaya apa sajakah yang harus direncanakan untuk mengatasi masalah infertilitas.<br />2. Khusus<br />a. Mengetahui definisi ferilitas dan infertilitas<br />b. Mengetahui macam infertilitas<br />c. Mengetahui prevalensi infertil<br />d. Mengetahui penyebab-penyebab terjadinya masalah infertilitas<br /><br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Pengertian<br />Tingkat kesuburan seseorang memegang peranan yang sangat penting bagi pria dan wanita yang akan atau sudah berumahtangga. Hal ini di maksudkan agar pasangan suami isteri dapat menjaga keharmonisan rumah tangganya dan mereka juga bisa meneruskan generasi mereka, yaitu menghasilkan seorang anak. Lebih dari 80% pasangan suami isteri yang mengalami gangguan kesuburan dan ini banyak sekali terjadi pada negara yang sedang berkembang. 7-15% diantaranya masih tergolong ke dalam usia 15 - 40 tahun dengan rating tertinggi dialami oleh para wanita sebesar 40% sampai dengan 60%.<br />Tingkat kesuburan dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu<br />1. Fertilitas.<br />Fertilitas adalah kemampuan istri menjadi hamil dan melahirkan anak hidup oleh suami yang mampu menghamilinya.<br />2. Infertilitas<br />a. Pengertian.<br />Infertilitas adalah suatu keadaan pasangan suami istri yang ingin mempunyai anak tetapi tidak bisa mewujudkan keinginannya tersebut karena adanya masalah kesehatan reproduksi baik pada suami atau istri.<br />b. Pembagian infertilitas<br />Infertilitas dapat dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :<br />1) Infertilitas primer<br />Infertilitas primer adalah pasangan usia subur yang telah melakukan hubungan suami istri teratur 2-3 kali semingggu tanpa memakai alat kontrasepsi selama 1 tahun tetapi belum terjadi kehamilan juga.<br /><br /><br /><br />2) Infertilitas Sekunder<br />Infertilitas sekunder adalah pasangan usia subur yang telah punya anak dan sudah tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi serta melakukan hubungan suami istri teratur 2 – 3 kali tetapi belum hamil juga.<br />Infertilitas menurut WHO :<br />a. Infertilitas primer adalah pasangan suami istri yang belum pernah hamil meskipun senggama dilakukan tanpa perlindungan apapun untuk waktu sekurang-kurangnya 1 tahun.<br />b. Infertilitas sekunder adalah pasangan suami istri yang pernah hamil tetapi kemudian tidak mampu hamil lagi dalam waktu 12 bulan meskipun senggama tanpa perlindungan apapun.<br />c. Subvertilitas atau subvekunditas adalah kesukaran untuk menjadi hamil yang mungkin disebabkan oleh vekunditas yang menurun pasangan suami istri.<br />d. Sterilitas adalah ketidakmampuan yang lengkap dan permanen untuk menjadi hamil atau menghamili meskipun telah diberi terapi.<br />e. Tanpa anak atau chillessness adalah pasangan suami istri yang tidak pernah menghasilkan anak yang mungkin disebabkan oleh vekunditas, kontrasepsi, dan abortus.<br /><br />B. Penyebab<br />1. Penyebab Terjadinya Masalah-Masalah Kesuburan pada pria<br />a. Kelainan Genetik<br />Meskipun amat jarang, ketidaksuburan pria dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik seperti cystic fibrosis. Gangguan genetik meliputi kelainan pada kromosom seks, yang terjadi pada sindrom Klinefelter.<br />b. Gangguan Hormonal<br />Gangguan hormonal yang terjadi dapat menghalangi produksi sperma. Untuk merangsang testis menghasilkan sperma, dibutuhkan hormon yang dihasillkan oleh kelenjar ptituari. Bila hormon tersebut tidak ada, atau jumlahnya menurun dalam jumlah yang signifikan maka sudah barang tentu kinerja testis tidak akan sempurna.<br />c. Varikokel <br />Adalah terjadinya pelebaran Pembuluh Darah Vena di sekitar Buah Zakar. Hal ini biasanya terindikasikan dengan adanya benjolan pada bagian atas buah zakar dan biasanya terjadi pada sebelah kiri.<br />d. Sumbatan Saluran Sperma<br />Biasanya disebabkan bawaan lahir karena tidak terbentuknya sebagian saluran sperma. Selain itu infeksi juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya sumbatan saluran sperma. Infeksi pada saluran reproduksi dapat disebabkan oleh bakteri melalui penyakit menular seksual. Jika memang disebabkan karena infeksi bakteri mungkin akan terjadi sumbatan akibat perlekatan dari saluran reproduksi pria.<br />e. Impotensi<br />Agar bisa tegak, penis memerlukan aliran darah yang cukup. Karena itu penyakit pembuluh darah (misalnya aterosklerosis) bisa menyebabkan impotensi. Impotensi juga bisa terjadi akibat adanya bekuan darah atau akibat pembedahan pembuluh darah yang menyebabkan terganggunya aliran darah arteri ke penis. Kerusakan saraf yang menuju dan meninggalkan penis juga bisa menyebabkan impotensi.<br />f. Kebiasaan Merokok<br />Merokok dapat menambah risiko kemandulan dan disfungsi ereksi pada pria. Nikotin membuat darah mengental sehingga tidak bisa beredar dengan lancar, termasuk di pembuluh darah alat kelamin. Akibatnya, muncul gangguan seksual seperti ejakulasi dini, ereksi tidak sempurna, bahkan impotensi.<br />g. Kebiasaan Minum Beralkohol<br />Alkohol dalam jumlah besar dapat menurunkan kadar hormon testoteron sehingga mengganggu produksi sperma.<br /><br /><br />h. Pengaruh Radiasi<br />Radiasi akan memberikan efek negatif terhadap konsentrasi dan kualitas sperma. Selain itu sperma yang terkena pengaruh radiasi akan memiliki gerakan berenang yang kurang baik yang akan mengurangi kesempatan untuk pembuahan.<br />i. Pengaruh Obat<br />Beberapa jenis obat bisa mempengaruhi tingkat kesuburan. Obat-obatan seperti antibiotika, pereda rasa sakit, obat penenang, dan obat hormonal dapat menurunkan tingkat kesuburan pria.<br />2. Penyebab Terjadinya Masalah-Masalah Kesuburan pada wanita<br />a. Sumbatan pada saluran telur<br />Sumbatan saluran telur disebabkan antara lain adanya perlengketan pada sekitar saluran telur, hal ini sebagai akibat dari pernah terkena IMS dan radang panggul sehingga menghambat pertemuan sel telur dengan sperma.<br />b. Endometriosis<br />Yaitu sel selaput lendir rahim yang tumbuh pada tempat yang tidak semestinya, yaitu di indung telur. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan perlengketan pada sekitar saluran telur atau pada organ reproduksi lainnya.<br />c. Kelainan lendir leher rahim<br />• Terlalu pekat, yang dapat menghambat laju gerakan sperma<br />• Terlalu asam, yang dapat mematikan sperma.<br />d. Berat Badan Tidak Seimbang<br />Berat badan yang tidak seimbang dapat mengganggu kesuburan perempuan, karena tubuh memerlukan 17% dari lemak tubuh di awal masa siklus haid, dan 22% di sepanjang siklus haid. Lemak tubuh mengandung enzim aromatase yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi hormon estrogen. Jadi, jika persediaan lemak dalam tubuh tidak memadai, akan memberikan andil besar terhadap ketidaksuburan.<br /><br /><br />e. Faktor Usia<br />Usia berpengaruh terhadap masa reproduksi, artinya selam masih haid teratur kemungkinan ia masih bisa hamil. Penelitian menunjukkan potensi wanita untuk hamil menurun setelah usia 25 tahun dan menurun drastis pada usia di atas 38 tahun (Kasdu,2002). Hal ini juga berlaku pada pria meskipun pria tetap dapat menghasilkan sel sperma sampai usia 50 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya sepertiga pria berumur di atas 40 tahun yang mampu menghamili istrinya dalam waktu 6 bulan di banding pria yang berumur di bawah 25 tahun. Pada wanita, begitu masuk usia 35 tahun, kesuburan akan menurun dan semakin menurun drastis di usia 37 tahun sampai akhirnya masuk ke masa menopause di atas 40-45 tahunan. Cadangan sel telur akan terus berkurang setup kali wanita mengalami menstruasi dan lama-kelamaan akan habis saat menopouse. Sebaliknya, usia tidak membatasi tingkat kesuburan pria dimana “pabrik sperma” akan terus memproduksi sel-sel sperma selama anatominya normal.<br />f. Gaya Hidup Yang Penuh Stres<br />Gaya hidup ternyata pegang peran besar dalam menyumbang angka kejadian infertilitas, yakni sebesar 15-20%. Gaya hidup yang serbacepat dan kompetitif dewasa ini rentan membuat seseorang terkena stres. Padahal kondisi jiwa yang penuh gejolak bisa menyebabkan gangguan ovulasi, gangguan spermatogenesis, spasme tuba fallopi, dan menurunnya frekuensi hubungan suami istri<br />g. Kelainan Mulut Rahim<br />Normalnya, mulut rahim mengarah ke depan (antefleksi), sehingga berhadapan langsung dengan dinding belakang vagina. Kondisi inilah yang memungkinkan spermatozoa sampai ke dalam saluran mulut rahim yang menghubungkan antara vagina dan rongga rahim. Penyimpangan dari posisi normalnya, seperti retrofleksi (posisi rahim menghadap ke belakang), bisa menghambat terjadinya kehamilan.<br /><br />h. Kelainan Rahim<br />Adanya kelainan rongga rahim karena perlengketan, mioma atau polip; peradangan endometrium dan gangguan kontraksi rahim, dapat mengganggu transportasi spermatozoa. Kalaupun sampai terjadi kehamilan biasanya kehamilan tersebut akan berakhir sebelum waktunya.<br /><br />C. Perkembangan Masalah Infertilitas Hingga Saat Ini <br />Masalah kesuburan dipengaruhi oleh budaya dan dapat mempengaruhi populasi suatu negara. Selain itu tingkat kesuburan masyarakat juga mempengaruhi kesehatan reproduksi yang merupakan bagian penting dan merupakan upaya paling utama dalam mencapai kehidupan yang berkualitas karena kesehatan reproduksi merupakan refleksi dari kesehatan konsepsi, kesehatan anak, remaja dan masa dewasa, dengan demikian kesehatan reproduksi menentukan kesehatan wanita dan pria serta generasi selanjutnya.<br />Infertilitas merupakan suatu krisis dalam kehidupan yang akan berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan seseorang. Sangat menusiawi dan normal apabila pasangan infertilitas mempunyai perasaan yang berpengaruh tehadap kepercayaan diri dan citra diri. Lebih parah lagi menurut the national infertility asosiation menyebutkan beberapa gejala yang dapat terjadi antara lain, timbul perasaan sedih, depresi atau putus asa lebih dari 2 minggu. Ada perubahan segnifikan dalam selera makan, sulit tidur atau lebih banyak dari biasanya dan ketika bangun badan tetap merasa lelah. Merasa khawatir dan curiga sepanjang waktu, kehilangan ketertarikan dalam hoby. Mengalami masalah den gan konsentrasi, merasa mudah marah atau sulit mengambil keputusan. Merasa tidak berguna, frustasi dan berfikir lebih baik mati, kehilangan nafsu seksual dan lebih senang menyendiri daripada bersama dengan temen-temen dan keluarga.<br />Masalah ketidaksuburan atau infertilitas merupakan masalah yang cukup sensitif bagi pasangan suami istri. Bahkan beberapa kasus berujung pada perceraian. Sepertinya sudah terbiasa , bila suatu pasangan infertil maka perempuanlah yang paling di curigai, bahkan di vonis sebagai penyebabnya. Namun hal ini merupakan anggapan yang keliru, karena kemungkinan ketidaksuburan bisa datang suami, istri atau kedua belah pihak secara bersamaan. Infertilitas yang disebabkan oleh istri sebesar 35%, faktor suami 35%. Faktor keduanya 20% dan penyebab lainnya 10% (Mustar,2006).<br />Di Indonesia kejadian wanita infertil 15 % pada usia 30-34 tahun, meningkat 30% pada usia 35-39 tahun dan 55 % pada usia 40-44 tahun. Hasil survei gagalnya kehamilan pada pasangan yang sudah menikah selama 12 tahun, 40% disebabkan infertilitas pada pria, 40 % karena infertilitas pada wanita, dan 10 % dari pria dan wanita, 10 % tidak diketahui penyebabnya. Pasangan usia subur (PUS) yang menderita infertilitas 524 (5,1%) PUS dari 10205 PUS.<br />Dari sekian banyak kasus infertilitas hanya 50% saja yang berhasil di tangani baik secara program bayi tabung dan sebagainya( Sarwono, 1999).<br /><br />D. Upaya-Upaya Bidan Dalam Menangani Masalah Infertil<br />Memberikan penyuluhan tentang pentingnya kesuburan dan akibatnya bagi diri sendiri, keluarga dan masyarakat.<br />a. Mengajak ibu-ibu dan remaja untuk mendapatkan pendidikan kesehatan tentang perawatan kesehatan reproduksi dengan benar.<br />b. Memberitahu teknik hubungan seks yang benar, contohnya: posisi wanita dibawah dengan bokong diganjal bantal agar sperma lebih mudah sampai di uterus.<br />c. Menganjurkan untuk melakukan hubungan seksual saat masa subur.<br />d. Menganjurkan memilih makanan yang dapat meningkatkan kesuburan, misal : terong dan kecambah.<br />e. Menyarankan melakukan hubungan seksual secara teratur, misalnya 3 kali dalam seminggu. <br />f. Menganjurkan untuk periksa ke dr.SpOG guna mengetahui lebih lanjut penyebab pasti infertilnya.<br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. Kesimpulan <br />Tingkat Kesuburan seseorang dapat dilihat dari keadaan fertil atau infertilnya. Fertilitas ialah kemampuan seorang wanita untuk hamil dan melahirkan anak hidup oleh pria yang mampu menghamilinya. Jadi, fertilitas merupakan kemampuan fungsi satu pasangan yang sanggup menjadikan kehamilan dan kelahiran anak hidup. Sebelum dan sesudahnya tidak seorangpun tahu, apakah pasangan itu fertile atau tidak. Riwayat fertilitas sebelumnya sama sekali tidak menjamin fertilitas dikemudian hari, baik pada pasangan itu sendiri maupun berlainan pasangan.<br />Infertilitas merupakan ketidakmampuan seorang wanita untuk menjadi hamil dan melahirkan anak, dengan melakukan hubungan seksual secara rutin dan teratur selama satu tahun berkumpul bersama. Disebut Infertilitas primer, kalau istri belum pernah hamil selama 12 bulan walaupun bersenggama secara rutin. Dan disebut infertilitas sekunder, kalau istri pernah hamil, akan tetapi kemudian tidak terjadi kehamilan lagi walaupun bersenggama.<br /><br />B. Saran<br />Sebagai sumbangan dari rangkaian penulisan makalah ini, penulis merasa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna, jadi penulis menyarankan penulis selanjutnya agar dapat melakukan perbaikan. Penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian ini belum dapat di generalisasikan bagi pasangan infertil.<br />Walaupun infertilitas tidak mengancam jiwa, namun kondisi infertilitas merupakan suatu krisis, individu yang mengalami kondisi ini merasakan dampak yang besar terhadap kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga. Untuk itu dalam praktik pelayanan kebidanan bidan dapat lebih bijaksana dalam berkomunikasi atau dalam memberikan informasi serta memberikan dukungan pada pasangan infertilitas ini. Makalah ini juga direkomendasikan bagi praktik kebidanan komunitas dimana sebagai bidan komunitas dapat melakukan pendekatan bagi pasangan infertilitas.<br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Manuaba,Ida Bagus Gede. 2002. Memahami Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita. Jakarta : Arcan<br />Afi Darti Nur. 2006. Stress dan Coping Ibu yang Belum Mempunyai Keturunan. Medan : FK USU<br />Manuaba,Ida Bagus Gede. 2002. Ilmu Kebidanan, Penyakit Kandungan & Keluarga Berencana untuk Pendidikan Bidan. Jakarta : EGC<br />Sastrawinata,Prof. R. Sulaiman. 2000. Ginekologi. Bandung: Elstar Offset<br />Wiknjosastro,Prof. Dr. Hanifa. 2005. Ilmu Kebidanan. Jakarta : Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo<br />Suparyanto,dr.2009. TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN PASANGAN USIA SUBUR TENTANG INFERTILITAS DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BARENG JOMBANGhttp://dr-suparyanto.blogspot.com/2009/12/tingkat-pengetahuan-pasangan-usia-subur.html. diakses maret 2013<br />Nuari,Derry.2011.Gambaran Pengetahuan Pasangan Infertil tentang Infertilitas di Desa.http://www.asuhan-keperawatan-kebidanan.co.cc/2011/01/gambaran-pengetahuan-pasangan-infertil.html. diakses maret 2013<br />Nurvita,Eva.2007. Mekanisme Koping Pasangan Infertil di Kecamatan SingkilKabupaten aceh<br />Singkil.http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/14288/1/08E00730.pdf. diakses maret 2013Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-86886592261523000052013-04-28T19:31:00.001-07:002013-04-28T19:49:39.380-07:00GANGGUAN PSIKOLOGIS PADA IBU HAMILBAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar Belakang<br />Konsep ini terutama dianut oleh para ahli di Jerman. Pada waktu ini peran dominan strukturalisme di Jerman telah diambil alih oleh aliran Gestalt. Paham Gestalt menganggap struktur pengorganisasian mental manusia adalah inherent. Struktur ini memungkinkan manusia belajar dan mendapatkan isi mental itu sendiri. Dengan demikian, Gestalt berfokus pada konsep mental yang aktif namun tetap empiris.<br />Psikoanalisa mengikuti keaktifan mental dari Gestalt (Freud dengan psikodinamikanya pada level kesadaran dan non kesadaran) namun tidak empiris. Tidak seperti aliran lainnya, psikoanalisa berkembang bukan dari riset para akademisi, tapi berdasarkan pengalaman dari praktek klinis.<br />Gejala pertama kehamilan adalah berhentinya siklus haid normal, kebanyakan ibu hamil akan mengalami mual dan muntah, akibat mulai berpengaruhnya aktivitas hormon – hormon yang muncul dalam kehamilan. Seperti Human Chorionic Gonadottropin ( HCG ), gejala lainnya adalah berkurangnya nafsu makan, mengidam, kelelahan, frekuensi buang air kecil yang meningkat, mengalami sembelit dan kemudian akan mengalami perdarahan berbercak dalam kurun waktu sampai 5 minggu usia kehamilan.<br />Masa paling berat bagi beban psikis ibu hamil terjadi di trimester pertama, yaitu ketika perubahan aktivitas hormonal ibu sedang besar – besarnya. Perubahan inilah yang sering mempengaruhi stabilitas emosi ibu. Beban fisik dan mental yang di alami ibu hamil biasa di sebabkan oleh karena perubahan fisik dan hormonnya, seperti bentuk tubuh yang melebar dan kondisi ibu yang naik turun, beban ini sering diperparah dengan munculnya trauma – trauma kehamilan, sehingga masalah yang di hadapi ibu pun semakin kompleks.<br /><br /><br />B. Tujuan<br />Tujuan pembuatan makalah gangguan psikologi pada masa kehamilan agar kita dapat mempelajari dengan seksama mengenai gangguan – gangguan psikologi pada ibu hamil sehingga kita dapat memahami dan mengenal apa yang di rasakan,dibutuhkan dan di inginkan oleh wanita hamil.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Pengertian <br />Psikologi (dari bahasa Yunani Kuno: psyche = jiwa dan logos = kata) dalam arti bebas psikologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang jiwa/mental. Psikologi tidak mempelajari jiwa/mental itu secara langsung karena sifatnya yang abstrak, tetapi psikologi membatasi pada manifestasi dan ekspresi dari jiwa / mental tersebut yakni berupa tingkah laku dan proses atau kegiatannya, sehingga Psikologi dapat didefinisikan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari tingkah laku dan proses mental.<br />Masa reproduksi merupakan masa yang terpenting bagi wanita dan berlangsung kira – kira 33 tahun. Haid pada masa ini paling teratur dan siklus pada alat genital bermakna untuk memungkinkan kehamilan. Pada masa ini terjadi ovulasi kurang lebih 450 kali, dan selama ini wanita berdarah selama 1800 hari. Biarpun pada umur 40 tahun keatas perempun masih dapat dihamilkan, fertilitas menurun cepat sesudah umur tersebut ( ilmu kandungan,2008).<br />Kehamilan merupakan episode dramatis terhadap kondisi biologis, perubahan psikologis dan adaptasi dari seorang wanita yang pernah mengalaminya. Sebagian besar kaum wanita menganggap bahwa kehamilan adalah peristiwa kodrati yang harus dilalui tetapi sebagian wanita mengganggap sebagai peristiwa khusus yang sangat menentukan kehidupan selanjutnya. Perubahan fisik dan emosional yang kompleks, memerlukan adaptasi terhadap penyesuaian pola hidup dengan proses kehamilan yang terjadi. Konflik antara keinginan, kebanggaan yang ditumbuhkan dari norma-norma sosial kultural dan persoalan dalam kehamilan itu sendiri dapat merupakan pencetus berbagai reaksi psikologis, mulai dari reaksi emosional ringan hingga ke tingkat gangguan jiwa yang berat.<br /><br /><br />B. Hamil yang Tidak di Kehendaki / di Harapkan<br />1. Kalangan remaja <br />Remaja bisa bilang kalau seks bebas pranikah itu aman untuk di lakukan. Akan tetapi, bila remaja melihat, memahami ataupun merasakan akibat dari prilaku itu, ternyata hasilnya lebih banyak merugikan. Salah satu resiko dari seks pranikah atau seks bebas itu adalah kehamilan yang tidak di harapkan ( KTD ). Kehamilan yang tidak di rencanakan sebelumnya bisa merampas “Kenikmatan“ masa remaja yang seharusnya di nikmati oleh remaja laki – laki maupun perempuan. Walaupun kehamilan itu sendiri dirasakan langsung oleh perempuan, tetapi remaja pria juga akan merasakan dampaknya karena harus bertanggung jawab. Ada dua hal yang bisa dan biasa dilakukan remaja jika mengalami KTD ( kartini, 1992 ) :<br />a. Memperahankan Kehamilan<br />Semua dampak tersebut dapat membawa resiko baik fisik, psikis maupun sosial. Bila kehamilan di pertahankan resiko psikis yang timbul yaitu ada kemugkinan pihak perempuan menjadi ibu tunggal karena pasangan tidak mau menikahinya atau tidak mempertanggung jawabkan perbuatannya. Kalau mereka menikah, hal ini juga bisa mengakibatkan perkawinan bermasalah yang penuh konflik karena sama – sama belum dewasa dan belum siap memikul tanggung jawab sebagai orang tua. selain itu, pasangan muda terutama pihak perempuan akan sangat di bebani oleh berbagai perasaan yang tidak nyaman, seperti di hantui rasa malu yang terus menerus, rendah diri, bersalah atau berdosa, depresi atau tertekan, pesimis dan lain – lain.<br />b. Mengakhiri Kehamilan ( Aborsi )<br />Bila kehamilan di akhiri bisa mengakibatkan dampak negatif secara psikis. Oleh karena itu, itu pelaku aborsi sering kali mengalami perasaan – perasaan takut, panik, tertekan atau stres, trauma mengingat proses aborsi dan kesakitan, kecemasan karena rasa bersalah atau dosa akibat aborsi.<br /><br />2. Wanita Dewasa / Ibu Yang Sudah Menikah<br />Seorang ibu yang tidak menghendaki kehadiran anak disebabkan karena mereka merasa akan menganggu karirnya karena akan membuatnya terikat atau karena ia sudah terlampau sibuk merawat anak – anak yang lain. Selain itu mereka merasa tidak dapat membagi waktu antara kesibukan pekerjaan dengan merawat anak. Penyebab terjadinya KDT pada wanita / ibu yang telah menikah antara lain karena kegagalan alat kontrasepsi yang di pakai.<br />C. Hamil Dengan Janin Mati<br />Ibu dari janin yang meninggal pada periode perinatal mengalami penderitaan. Selama kehamilan mereka telah mulai untuk mengenali dan merasa dekat dengan janinnya, ibu yang mengalami proses kehilangan / kematian janin dalam kandungan akan merasa kehilangan. Pada proses berduka ibu memperlihatkan prilaku yang khas dan merasa emosional tertentu. Hal ini di kelompokkan kedalam berbagai tahapan meliputi :<br />• Syok dan menyangkal, ketika di sampaikan janinnya mati reaksi orang tua / ibu pertama kali adalah syok, tidak percaya dan menyangkal.<br />• Marah dan bergeming, beberapa ahli menyebut ini sebagai tahap pencarian karena orang tua mencari alasan tentang kematian. Mereka biasanya mencari hal – hal yang mungkin meraka lakukan dengan berbeda<br />• Disorientasi dan depresi, emosi predominan pada fase ini adalah kesedihan berduka dibarengi dengan kehilangan, mereka menolak dan menarik diri, orang tua mungkin mengalami kesulitan untuk kembali ke kehidupan normal sehari – hari.<br />• Reorganisasi dan penerimaan, fase akhir berduka meliputi penerimaan rasa kehilangan dan kembali beraktivitas normal sehari – hari. Hal yang sangat individu ini mungkin membutuhkan waktu beberapa bulan. Energi emosional ditinggalkan dan di kurangi serta mengalami kembali hubungan baru serta aktivitas baru.<br />D. Hamil dengan Keteregantugan Obat<br />a. Pengertian <br />Ketergantungan obat adalah suatu keadaan kebutuhan fisik atau mental ( psikologis ) atau kedua – duanya yang terjadi sebagai akibat pemakaian abat secara terus – menerus atau secara periodik.<br />b. Dampak Hamil Dengan Ketergantungan Obat<br />Pengunaan obat – obatan oleh wanita hamil dapat menyebabkan masalah baik pada ibu maupun janinnya. Janin akan megalami cacat fisik dan emosional. Setiap orang tentu menginginkan seorang bayi yang sehat dengan semua bagian badan terbentuk pada bagian yang tepat. Wanita hamil dengan ketergantungan obat umumnya takut melahirkan bayi cacat dan mencoba sebisa mungkin untuk menghindari zat – zat berbahaya yang mungkin membahayakan perkembangan bayi mereka. Banyak kebingungan dan kegelisahan tentang apa yang menyebabkan bayi cacat kerena pengaruh obat – obatan. Kalau terjadi keguguran dan ketidaknormalan bayi akan merasakan takut yang berlebihan, panik dan gelisah.<br />Salah satu tindakan pada ibu hamil dengan ketergantungan obat yaitu : mengadakan hubungan dengan keluarga. Keluarga merupakan lingkungan di mana ibu belajar menyesuaikan diri dalam menghadapi kehidupan.<br />E. Keguguran<br />Reaksi wanita terhadap keguguran kandungannya itu sangat bergantung pada kontitusi psikisnya sendiri. Maka tak bisa di pungkiri, bahwa janin atau bayi yang di kandungnya itu di rasakan sebagai bagian dari jasmani dan rohaninya sendiri. Dan berkepentingan terhadap ego wanita yang mengandung embrio tersebut :<br />1. Faktor penyebab terletak pada psikis dan jiwa.<br />2. Wanita hamil yang bersangkutan, mencari bantuan pada faktor penyebab tersebut, melakukan abortus secara tidak sadar. Semua peristiwa berlangsung di luar keinginan sendiri, di dorong oleh harapan yang tidak di sadari.<br />Beberapa penyebab keguguran menurut pendapat psikiater :<br />1) Adanya penolakan dari ayah bayi<br />2) Adanya penolakan dari ibu bayi<br />3) Ketakutan untuk menjadi ibu<br />4) Kecemasan yang disebabkan dari stres pekerjaan atau perselisihan dengan suami maupun dengan anggota keluarga lain.<br />F. Faktor – Faktor yang Menimbulkan Stres pada Wanita Hamil<br />Berdasarkan SSRS ( Sosial readjusment Rating Scale ) kehamilan menduduki rangking ke 12 dari 43 kejadian dalam kehidupan seorang yang dapat menimbulkan stres, dengan kata lain bahwa kehamilan membawa konsekwensi pada wanita-wanita untuk melakukan penyesuaian atau perubahan – perubahan yang terjadi pada dirinya.<br />Pada saat seorang wanita hamil, maka sejak saat itu sampai masa nifas berturut – turut akan mengalami perubahan baik fisik maupun psikis, perubahan – perubahan yang tejadi mencakup aspek – aspek sebagai berikut :<br />1. Frekuensi nafas meningkat ( lebih sering ) membuat wanita hamil akan menghirup lebih banyak ( oksigen ) udara<br />2. Perut semakin membuncit<br />G. Gambaran Kondisi Psikologis pada Wanita Hamil<br />Selama kehamilan banyak wanita yang mengalami perasaan – perasaan :<br />• Marah<br />• Tertekan<br />• Bersalah<br />• Bingung<br />• Was – was<br />• Kesal<br />• Pilu<br />• Khawatir<br />Hal ini biasanya di tandai dengan gejala – gejala :<br />• Kehabisan tenaga atau kebanyakan gerak<br />• Tidak bisa tidur walaupun mempunyai kesempatan<br />• Menangis tidak tertahan dan mata terasa berlinang<br />• Menyadari bahwa perasaan amat cepat berubah<br />• Sangat judes atau peka terhadap bunyi dan sentuhan <br />• Senantiasa berfikiran negative<br />• Tanpa berwujud merasa tidak mampu<br />• Tiba – tiba takut atau gugup<br />• Tidak bisa memusatkan perhatian<br />• Lebih sering lupa<br />• Rasa bingung dan bersalah<br />• Makan amat sedikit atau amat banyak<br />• Asik dengan fikiran yang menghantui dan mengerikan<br />• Kehilangan kepercayaan dan harga diri<br />Apabila kondisi – kondisi ini terjadi secara beruntun sedikitnya selama 2 minggu maka akan menimbulkan kondisi psikologis yang bermasalah yang sifatnya memerlukan adanya pengobatan.<br />H. Faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi psikis pada masa hamil<br />1. Sudah punya banyak anak<br />Banyak anak sebagian orang merasakan sebagai beban finansial yang harus di tanggung, belum lagi di tambah kerepotan – kerepotan lainnya, apalagi jika dalam keluarga sudah ada anak dengan jumlah lebih dari cukup.<br />2. Khawatir berubah penampilan<br />Bagi sebagian perempuan, penampilan merupakan nilai jual, perubahan bentuk wajah dan tubuh akibat kehamilan dan persalinan di anggap akan mengurangi keindahan penampilan. <br />3. Kemampuan finansial dirasa tidak memadai<br />Jika si kecil lahir di saat kondisi keuangan keluarga tengah morat marit memang merepotkan, kondisi ini merupakan hal yang sangat menganggu kondisi psikologis seorang ibu hamil<br />4. keluhan sulit tidur<br />Sulit tidur di malam hari dapat membuat kondisi ibu hamil menurun, konsentrasi berkurang, mudah lelah, badan terasa pegal, tidak mood bekerja dan cenderung emosional. Keluhan tidur umumnya muncul saat usia kandungan memasuki trimester ketiga dimana janin sudah tumbuh sedemikian besar sehingga terasa menyesakkan.<br />Ditrimester pertama, kadar hormon dalam tubuh ibu sedang mengalami perubahan drastis yang sering memunculkan keluhan muntah – muntah, sehubungan dengan itu, keluhan sulit tidur biasanya muncul karena sebab sebagai berikut :<br />• Stres<br />• Perubahan hormone<br />• Dihantui kecemasan<br />• Gangguan psikis<br />I. Cara Mengatasi Gangguan Psikologis Kehamilan<br />Ibu yang sedang hamil, pasti akan mengalami berbagai macam perubahan bukan hanya perubahan secara fisik namun juga secara psikologis. Jangan heran jika ibu yang hamil tiba-tiba menangis atau marah. Ini terjadi karena adanya perubahan hormonal yang lazim dialami oleh ibu-ibu yang sedang hamil. <br />Untuk itu ibu-ibu yang kini sedang mengandung buah hati, harus selalu menjaga kondisi psikologisnya agar tetap baik dan seimbang. Jika kondisi psikologis sang ibu baik pastinya sang ibu akan lebih tenang atau rileks saat menjalani masa-masa kehamilannya. Berikut beberapa cara yang dapat menyeimbangkan kondisi psikologis saat ibu sedang mengandung:<br />1. Informasi <br />Carilah informasi seputar kehamilan terutama mengenai perubahan yang terjadi dalam diri ibu termasuk hal-hal yang perlu dihindari saat sedang mengandung agar janin tumbuh sehat. Pengetahuan atau informasi yang tepat akan membuat ibu merasa lebih yakin sekaligus bisa mengurangi rasa cemas yang sering muncul karena ketidaktahuan mengenai perubahan yang terjadi. <br />2. Komunikasi dengan suami <br />Bicarakanlah perubahan yang terjadi pada diri Anda selama hamil dengan sang suami, sehingga ia juga tahu dan dapat memaklumi perubahan yang terjadi pada diri Anda. Tidak jarang jika Anda mengkomunikasikan hal ini, sang suami akan memberikan dukungan psikologis yang dibutuhkan. <br />3. Rajin chek up <br />Periksakan kehamilan secara teratur. Cari informasi dari dokter atau bidan terpercaya mengenai kehamilan yang sekarang Anda jalani. Jangan lupa, ajaklah suami saat berkonsultasi ke dokter atau bidan. <br />4. Makan Sehat <br />Pahami benar pengetahuan mengenai asupan makanan yang sehat bagi perkembangan janin. Hindarilah mengonsumsi bahan yang dapat membahayakan janin, seperti makanan yang mengandung zat-zat aditif, alkohol, rokok, atau obat-obatan yang tidak dianjurkan bagi ibu hamil. Jauhkan juga zat berbahaya seperti gas buang kendaraan yang mengandung timah hitam yang berbahaya bagi perkembangan kecerdasan otak janin. <br />5. Jaga Penampilan <br />Perhatikanlah penampilan fisik dengan menjaga kebersihan dan berpakaian yang sesuai dengan kondisi badan Anda yang sedang berbadan dua. Jangan lupa untuk melakukan latihan fisik ringan, seperti berenang atau jalan kaki ringan untuk memperlancar persalinan. <br />6. Kurangi Kegiatan <br />Lakukanlah penyesuaian kegiatan dengan kondisi fisik saat hamil. Memasuki masa persalinan, Anda dan suami harus sudah siap dengan berbagai perubahan yang akan terjadi setelah kelahiran sang bayi.<br />7. Dengarkan Musik <br />Upayakan berbagai cara agar terhindar dari stres. Atasilah kecemasan maupun emosi negatif lainnya dengan mendengarkan musik lembut, belajar memusatkan perhatian, berzikir, yoga atau relaksasi lainnya. <br />8. Senam Hamil <br />Bergabunglah dengan kelompok senam hamil sejak usia kandungan menginjak usia 5-6 bulan. Jangan lupa untuk berkonsultasi terlebih dahulu dengan dokter kandungan. Senam hamil tidak hanya bermanfaat melatih otot-otot yang diperlukan dalam proses persalinan, melainkan juga memberi manfaat psikologis. Pertemuan sesama calon ibu biasanya diisi dengan acara berbagi pengalaman yang dapat dijadikan pelajaran positif. Melalui kegiatan itu pula secara perlahan kesiapan psikologis calon ibu dalam menghadapi persalinan menjadi semakin mantap. <br />9. Latihan Pernafasan <br />Lakukanlah latihan relaksasi dan latihan pernapasan secara teratur. Latihan ini bermanfaat untuk ketenangan dan kenyamanan sehingga kondisi psikologis bisa lebih stabil.<br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. KESIMPULAN<br />Ada berbagai macam depresi/ gangguan psikologi yang bisa terjadi pada masa kehamilan yaitu:<br />• Hamil yang tidak diinginkan<br />• Hamil Dengan Janin Mati<br />• Hamil dengan Keteregantungan Obat<br />• Hamil diluar Nikah<br />• Pseudosiesis<br />• Keguguran<br />• Kemandulan <br />Adapun faktor yang mengakibatkan gangguan psikologi pada masa kehamilan antara lain sebagai berikut:<br />• Sudah punya banyak anak<br />• Khawatir berubah penampilan<br />• Kemampuan finansial dirasa tidak memadai<br />• keluhan sulit tidur<br />Cara mengatasi gangguan psikologis pada kehamilan; mengurangi stress, mengkomunikasikan perasaan terhadap pasangan, memberikan support dari pihak keluarga, periksakan kehamilan secara teratur, Makan Sehat, Jaga Penampilan, Kurangi Kegiatan, Dengarkan Musik, Senam Hamil, Latihan Pernafasan, dll. <br />B. Saran <br />1. Mencari informasi seputar kehamilan, perubahan yang terjadi dalam diri ibu dan hal – hal yang perlu di hindari agar janin tumbuh sehat.<br />2. Bicarakanlah perubahan selama kehamilan dengan suami, sehingga ia juga tahu serta di harapkan bisa berempati dan mampu memberi dukungan psikologis yang di butuhkan<br />3. Periksa kehamilan secara teratur<br />4. Perhatikan penampilan fisik dengan menjaga kebersihan, melakukan latihan fisik ringan.<br />5. Upayakan dengan berbagai cara agar tehindar dari stres.<br />6. Lakukan latihan relaksasi dan latihan pernafasan secara teratur.<br />ibu hamil bisa mencari informasi seputar kehamilannya dari majalah – majalah, buku tentang kehamilan. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui perubahan – perubahan pada ibu hamil, tentang asupan gizi ibu hamil, senam hamil, pemeriksaan kehamilan secara teratur, agar janin tumbuh sehat.<br /><br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />http://midwiferygirl.blogspot.com/2010/06/gangguan-psikologi-pada-masa-kehamilan.html<br />Depkes RI. 1993. Asuhan Kebidanan Pada Ibu Hamil Dalam Konteks Keluarga. Cetakan Ke III. Jakarta.<br />Kusmiyati, Y. 2010. Perawatan Ibu Hamil. Yogyakarta: FitramayaIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-9023923626992399932013-04-28T19:24:00.002-07:002013-04-28T19:25:05.444-07:00MAKALAH UROLITHIASISBAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. LATAR BELAKANG<br />Batu ginjal merupakan batu saluran kemih (urolithiasis), sudah dikenal sejak zaman Babilonia dan Mesir kuno dengan diketemukannya batu pada kandung kemih mummi. Batu saluran kemih dapat diketemukan sepanjang saluran kemih mulai dari sistem kaliks ginjal, pielum, ureter, buli-buli dan uretra. Batu ini mungkin terbentuk di di ginjal kemudian turun ke saluran kemih bagian bawah atau memang terbentuk di saluran kemih bagian bawah karena adanya stasis urine seperti pada batu buli-buli karena hiperplasia prostat atau batu uretra yang terbentu di dalam divertikel uretra.<br />Batu ginjal adalah batu yang terbentuk di tubuli ginjal kemudian berada di kaliks, infundibulum, pelvis ginjal dan bahkan bisa mengisi pelvis serta seluruh kaliks ginjal dan merupakan batu slauran kemih yang paling sering terjadi.<br />Penyakit batu saluran kemih menyebar di seluruh dunia dengan perbedaan di negara berkembang banyak ditemukan batu buli-buli sedangkan di negara maju lebih banyak dijumpai batu saluran kemih bagian atas (gunjal dan ureter), perbedaan ini dipengaruhi status gizi dan mobilitas aktivitas sehari-hari. Angka prevalensi rata-rata di seluruh dunia adalah 1-12 % penduduk menderita batu saluran kemih.<br />Penyebab terbentuknya batu saluran kemih diduga berhubungan dengan gangguan aliran urine, gangguan metabolik, infeksi saluran kemih, dehidrasi dan keadaan-keadaan lain yang masih belum terungkap (idiopatik).Secara epidemiologis terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempermudah terjadinya batu saluran kemih yang dibedakan sebagai faktor intrinsik dan faktor ekstrinsik.<br /><br />B. RUMUSAN MASALAH<br />1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Urolithiasis?<br />2. Apa yang menyebabkan Urolithiasis?<br />3. Bagaimana patofisisologi dan pathogenesis Urolithiasis?<br />4. Bagaimana tanda dan gejala Urolithiasis?<br />5. Bagaimana manifestasi klinik Urolithiasis?<br />6. Bagaimana cara penatalaksanaan urolithiasis?<br />7. Bagaimana cara pencegahan Urolithiasis?<br /><br />C. TUJUAN<br />1. Untuk mengetahui pengertian Urolithiasis.<br />2. Untuk mengetahui penyebab penyakit Urolithiasis.<br />3. Untuk mengetahui pathofisiologi dan pathogenesis penyakit Urolithiasis.<br />4. Untuk mengetahui tanda dan gejala penyakit Urolithiasis.<br />5. Untuk mengetahui manifestasi klinik penyakit Urolithiasis.<br />6. Untuk mengetahui cara penatalaksanaan penyakit Urolithiasis.<br />7. Untuk mengetahui cara pencegahan penyakit Urolithiasis.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. DEFINISI<br />Urolithiasis adalah adanya batu (kalkuli) di traktus urinarius. Urolithiasis merupakan penyakit yang salah satu tanda gejalanya adalah pembentukan batu di dalam saluran kemih.<br /><br />B. ETIOLOGI<br />Factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan batu:<br />1. Idiopatik.<br />2. Gangguan saluran kemih : fomisis, striktur meatus, hipertrofi prostate, refluks vesiko-ureteral, ureterokele, konstriksi hubungan ureteropelvik.<br />3. Gangguan metabolisme : hiperparatiroidisme, hiperurisemia, hiperkalsiuria. Hiperkalsemia (kalsium serum tinggi) dan hiperkalsiuria (kalsium urin tinggi) dapat disebabkan oleh:<br /> Hiperparatiroidisme<br /> Asidosis tubular renal<br /> Malignasi<br /> Penyakit granulamatosa (sarkoidosis, tuberculosis), yang menyebabkan peningkatan produksi vitamin D oleh jaringan granulamatosa.<br /> Masukan vitamin D yang berlebihan.<br /> Masukan susu dan alkali.<br /> Penyakit mieloproliferatif (leukemia, polisitemia, mieloma multiple), yang menyebabkan proliferasi abnormal sel darah merah dari sumsum tulang.<br />4. Infeksi saluran kemih oleh mikroorganisme berdaya membuat urease (Proteus mirabilis).<br />5. Dehidrasi : kurang minum, suhu lingkungan tinggi.<br />6. Benda asing : fragmen kateter, telur sistosoma.<br />7. Jaringan mati (nekrosis papil).<br />8. Multifaktor : anak di negara berkembang, penderita multitrauma.<br /><br /><br />C. PATOGENESIS DAN PATOFISIOLOGI<br />Sebagian besar batu saluran kencing adalah idiopatik dan dapat bersifat simtomatik ataupun asimtomatik. Teori terbentuknya batu antara lain:<br />a. Teori inti matriks<br />Terbentuknya batu saluran kencing memerlukan adanya substansi organic sebagai inti. Substansia organic ini terutama terdiri dari mukopolisakarida dan mukoprotein A yang akan mempermudah kristalisasi dan agregasi substansi pembentuk batu.<br />b. Teori supersaturasi<br />Terjadinya kejenuhan substansi pembentuk batu dalam urin seperti sistin, santin, asam urat, kalsium oksalat akan mempermudah terbentuknya batu.<br />c. Teori presipitasi-kristalisasi<br />Perubahan PH urin akan mempengaruhi solubilitas substansi dalam urin. Pada urin yang bersifat asam akan mengendap sistin, santin, asam dan garam urat, sedangkan pada urin yang bersifat alkali akan mengendap garam-garam fosfat.<br />d. Teori berkurangnya factor penghambat<br />Berkurangnya factor penghambat seperti peptid fosfat, pirofosfat, polifosfat, sitrat, magnesium, asam mukopolisakarid akan mempermudah terbentuknya batu saluran kencing.<br />Factor lain terutama factor eksogen dan lingkungan yang diduga ikut mempengaruhi kalkuligenesis antara lain:<br />1. Infeksi<br />Infeksi saluran kemih dapat menyebabkan nekrosis jaringan ginjal dan akan menjadi inti pembentukan batu saluran kencing. Infeksi oleh bakteri yang memecah ureum dan membentuk ammonium akan mengubah PH urin menjadi alkali dan akan mengendapkan garam-garam fosfat sehingga akan mempercepat pembentukan batu yang telah ada.<br />2. Obstruksi dan stasis urin<br />Adanya obstruksi dan stasis urin akan mempermudah terjadinya infeksi.<br />3. Jenis kelamin<br />Data menunjukkan bahwa batu saluran kencing lebih banyak ditemukan pada pria.<br /><br />4. Ras<br />Batu saluran kencing lebih banyak ditemukan di Afrika dan Asia sedangkan pada penduduk Amerika dan Eropa jarang.<br />5. Keturunan<br />Riwayat anggota keluarga yang mempunyai batu saluran kencing mempunyai factor resiko lebih besar menderita batu saluran kencing dibandingkan dengan tidak mempunyai riwayat tersebut.<br />6. Air minum<br />Memperbanyak diuresis dengan cara banyak minum akan mengurangi kemungkinan terbentuknya batu, sedangkan bila kurang minum menyebabkan kadar substansi dalam urin akan meningkat dan akan mempermudah pembentukan batu. Kejenuhan air yang diminum sesuai dengan kadar mineralnya terutama kalsium diperkirakan mempengaruhi terbentuknya batu saluran kencing.<br />7. Pekerjaan<br />Pekerja-pekerja keras seperti buruh dan petani akan mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya batu saluran kencing daripada pekerja-pekerja yang lebih banyak duduk.<br />8. Makanan<br />Pada golongan masyarakat yang lebih banyak makan protein hewani angka morbiditas batu saluran kencing berkurang, sedangkan pada golongan masyarakat dengan kondisi social ekonominya rendah lebih sering terjadi. Penduduk vegetarian yang kurang makan putih telur lebih sering menderita batu saluran kencing (buli-buli dan uretra) dan hanya sedikit yang ditemukan menderita batu ginjal atau piala.<br />9. Suhu<br />Tempat bersuhu panas misalnya di daerah tropis di kamar mesin, meyebabkan banyak mengeluarkan keringat, akan mengurangi produksi urin dan mempermudah pembentukan batu saluran kencing.<br /><br />D. TANDA DAN GEJALA<br />Tanda dan gejala penyakit batu saluran kemih ditentukan oleh letaknya, besarnya dan morfologinya. Walaupun demikian penyakit ini mempunyai tanda umum yaitu hematuria, baik hematuria terbuka atau mikroskopik; nyeri pinggang, sisi, atau sudut kostovertebral; pielonefritis dan atau sistitis; pernah mengeluarkan batu kecil ketika kencing; nyeri tekan kostovertebral; gangguan faal ginjal. Selain itu bila disertai infeksi saluran kemih dapat juga ditemukan kelainan endapan urin bahkan mungkin demam atau tanda sistemik lain.<br /><br />E. MANIFESTASI KLINIK<br />Manifestasi klinik adanya batu dalam traktus urinarius bergantung pada adanya obstruksi, infeksi, dan edema. Ketika batu menghambat aliran urin, terjadi obstruksi, menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan hidrostatik dan distensi piala ginjal serta ureter proksimal. Infeksi (pielonefritis dan sistitis yang disertai demam, menggigil dan disuria) dapat terjadi dari iritasi batu yang terus menerus.<br />Batu di piala ginjal berkaitan dengan sakit yang dalam dan terus menerus di area kostovertebral. Hematuria dan piuria dapat dijumpai.<br />Batu yang terjebak di ureter menyebabkan gelombang nyeri yang luar biasa, akut dan kolik yang menyebar ke paha dan genitalia. Pasien sering merasa ingin berkemih namun hanya sedikit urin yang keluar dan biasanya mengandung darah akibat aksi abrasif batu.<br />Batu yang terjebak dikandung kemih biasanya menyebabkan gejala iritasi dan berhubungan dengan infeksi traktus urinarius dan hematuria. Jika batu menyebabkan obstruksi pada leher kandung kemih, akan terjadi retensi urin. Jika infeksi berhubungan dengan adanya batu, maka kondisi ini jauh lebih serius, disertai sepsis yang mengancam kehidupan pasien.<br /><br />F. PENATALAKSANAAN<br />Tujuan dasar penatalaksanaan adalah untuk menghilangkan batu, menentukan jenis batu, mencegah kerusakan nefron, mengendalikan infeksi dan mengurangi obstruksi yang terjadi.<br />Indikasi pengeluaran batu saluran kemih:<br />• Obstruksi jalan kemih<br />• Infeksi<br />• Nyeri menetap atau nyeri berulang-ulang<br />• Batu yang agaknya menyebabkan infeksi atau obstruksi<br />• Batu metabolic yang tumbuh cepat.<br />a. Pengurangan nyeri<br />Tujuan segera dari penanganan kolik renal atau ureteral adalah untuk mengurangi nyeri sampai penyebabnya dapat dihilangkan; morfin atau meperidin diberikan untuk mencegah syok dan sinkop akibat nyeri yang luar biasa. Mandi air hangat diarea panggul dapat bermanfaat. Cairan diberikan, kecuali pasien mengalami muntah atau menderita gagal jantung kongestif atau kondisi lain yang memerlukan pembatasan cairan. Ini meningkatkan tekanan hidrostatik pada ruang di belakang batu sehingga mendorong pasase batu tersebut ke bawah. Masukan cairan sepanjang hari mengurangi konsentrasi kristaloid urin, mengencerkan urin dan menjamin haluaran urin yang besar.<br />b. Pengangkatan batu<br />Pemeriksaan sitoskopik dan pasase kateter ureteral kecil untuk menghilangkan batu yang menyebabkan obstruksi (jika mungkin), akan segera mengurangi tekanan-belakang pada ginjal dan mengurangi nyeri.<br />c. Lithotripsi Gelombang Kejut Ekstrakorporeal (ESWL)<br />Adalah prosedur noninvasive yang digunakan untuk menghancurkan batu di kaliks ginjal. Setelah batu tersebut pecah menjadi bagian yang kecil seperti pasir, sisa batu-batu tersebut dikeluarkan secara spontan.<br />d. Metode Endourologi Pengangkatan Batu<br />Mengangkat batu renal tanpa pembedahan mayor. Nefrostomi perkutan (atau nefrolitotomi perkutan) dilakukan dan nefroskop dimasukkan ke traktus perkutan yang sudah dilebarkan ke dalam parenkim ginjal.<br />e. Ureteroskopi <br />Mencakup visualisasi dan aksis ureter dengan memasukkan suatu alat ureteroskop melalui sistoskop. Batu dapat dihancurkan dengan menggunakan laser, lithotripsy elektrohidraulik atau ultrasound kemudian diangkat.<br />f. Pelarutan batu<br />Infus cairan kemolitik (misal: agen pembuat asam dan basa) untuk melarutkan batu dapat dilakukan sebagai alternative penanganan untuk pasien kurang beresiko terhadap terapi lain dan menolak metode lain, atau mereka yang memiliki batu yang mudah larut (struvit).<br /><br />g. Pengangkatan batu<br />Jika batu terletak didalam ginjal, pembedahan dilakukan dengan nefrolitotomi (insisi pada ginjal untuk mengangkat batu) atau nefrektomi, jika ginjal tidak berfungsi akibat infeksi atau hidronefrosis. Batu dalam piala ginjal diangkat dengan pielolitotomi, sedangkan batu pada ureter diangkat dengan ureterolitotomi dan sistotomi jika batu berada dikandung kemih. Jika batu berada dikandung kemih; suatu alat dapat dimasukkan ke uretra ke dalam kandung kemih; batu kemudian dihancurkan oleh penjepit pada alat ini. prosedur ini disebut sistolitolapaksi.<br /><br />G. PENCEGAHAN<br />Batu ginjal terutama mengandung kalsium, fosfor dan atau oksalat. Pencegahan batu ginjal makanan dan minuman yang harus dibatasi:<br />• Makanan kaya vitamin D harus dihindari (vitamin D meningkatkan reabsorpsi kalsium).<br />• Garam meja dan makanan tinggi natrium harus dikurangi (Na bersaing dengan Ca dalam reabsorpsinya diginjal).<br />• Daftar makanan berikut harus dihindari :<br /> Produk susu: semua keju (kecuali keju yang lembut dan keju batangan); susu dan produk susu (lebih dari ½ cangkir per hari); krim asam (yoghurt).<br /> Daging, ikan, unggas: otak, jantung, hati, ginjal, sardine, sweetbread, telur, ikan.<br /> Sayuran: bit hijau, lobak, mustard hijau, bayam, lobak cina, buncis kering, kedelai, seledri.<br /> Buah: kelembak, semua jenis beri, kismis, buah ara, anggur.<br /> Roti, sereal, pasta: roti murni, sereal, keripik, roti gandum, semua roti yang dicampur pengembang roti, oatmeal, beras merah, sekam, benih gandum, jagung giling, seluruh sereal kering (kecuali keripik nasi, com flakes).<br /> Minuman: teh, coklat, minuman berkarbonat, bir, semua minuman yang dibuat dari susu atau produk susu.<br /> Lain-lain: kacang, mentega kacang, coklat, sup yang dicampur susu, semua krim, makanan pencuci mulut yang dicampur susu atau produk susu (kue basah, kue kering, pie).<br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. KESIMPULAN<br />Urolithiasis adalah adanya batu (kalkuli) di traktus urinarius. Urolithiasis merupakan penyakit yang salah satu tanda gejalanya adalah pembentukan batu di dalam saluran kemih.<br />Factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan batu: Idiopatik,gangguan saluran,kemih,gangguan metabolism,Infeksi saluran kemih oleh mikroorganisme berdaya membuat urease (Proteus mirabilis),dehidrasi,benda asin,multifaktor,jaringan mati (nekrosis papil).<br />Tanda dan gejala penyakit batu saluran kemih ditentukan oleh letaknya, besarnya dan morfologinya. Manifestasi klinik adanya batu dalam traktus urinarius bergantung pada adanya obstruksi, infeksi, dan edema. Ketika batu menghambat aliran urin, terjadi obstruksi, menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan hidrostatik dan distensi piala ginjal serta ureter proksimal. Infeksi (pielonefritis dan sistitis yang disertai demam, menggigil dan disuria) dapat terjadi dari iritasi batu yang terus menerus.<br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Brunner & Suddarth, 2002, Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, edisi 8 volume 2, EGC, Jakarta<br />Doengoes,Merilynn, E, dkk. Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan. Edisi ketiga, penerbit buku kedokteran. EGC.1999.<br />Junaidi, Purnawan, dkk kapita selecta kedokteran, edisi kedua, FKUI.1982.<br />Scholtmeijer.R.J. 1987. Urologi. EGC. Jakarta.<br />Schrock, Theodore R. Ilmu Bedah, EGC. Jakarta.<br />Soeparman & Waspadji, 1996, Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid 2 Edisi 3, FKUI, JakartaIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-81800504958380616962013-04-28T19:22:00.002-07:002013-04-28T19:25:05.442-07:00MAKALAH ASMA BRONKIALBAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. Latar Belakang<br />Penyakit Asma Bronkial dapat menyerang semua golongan usia, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, dewasa maupun anak-anak. Dari waktu ke waktu baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang prevalensi asma meningkat. Asma merupakan sepuluh besar penyebab kesakitan dan kematian di Indonesia, hal ini tergambar dari data studi survey kesehatan rumah tangga (SKRT) di berbagai provinsi di Indonesia.<br />Asma dapat timbul pada berbagai usia, gejalanya bervariasi dari ringan sampai berat dan dapat dikontrol dengan berbagai cara. Gejala asma dapat ditimbulkan oleh berbagai rangsangan antara lain infeksi, alergi, obat-obatan, polusi udara, bahan kimia, beban kerja atau latihan fisik, bau-bauan yang merangsang dan emosi.<br />Prevalensi asma di seluruh dunia adalah sebsar 80% pada anak dan 3-5% pada dewasa, dan dalam 10 tahun terakhir ini meningkat sebesar 50%. Selain di Indonesia prevalensi asama di Jepang dilaporkan meningkat 3 kali disbanding di tahun 1960 yaitu dari 1,2 % menjadi 3,14 %.<br />Penyebab pada asma sampai saat ini belum diketahui namun dari hasil penelitian terdahulu menjelaskan bahwa saluran nafas penderita asma mempunyai sifat yang sangat khas yaitu sangat peka terhadap rangsangan.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. Pengertian<br />Asma bronkhial adalah penyakit jalan nafas obstruktif intermitten, reversible dimana trakeobronkial berespon secara hiperaktif terhadap stimuli tertentu. Asma bronchial adalah suatu penyakit dengan ciri meningkatnya respon trakea dan bronkus terhadap berbagai rangsangan dengan manifestasi adanya penyempitan jalan nafas yang luas dan derajatnya dapat berubah-ubah baik secara spontan maupun hasil dari pengobatan (The American Thoracic Society).<br />B. Klasifikasi<br />Berdasarkan penyebabnya, asma bronkhial dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 tipe, yaitu :<br />1. Ekstrinsik (alergik)<br />Ditandai dengan reaksi alergik yang disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor pencetus yang spesifik, seperti debu, serbuk bunga, bulu binatang, obat-obatan (antibiotic dan aspirin) dan spora jamur. Asma ekstrinsik sering dihubungkan dengan adanya suatu predisposisi genetik terhadap alergi. Oleh karena itu jika ada faktor-faktor pencetus spesifik seperti yang disebutkan di atas, maka akan terjadi serangan asma ekstrinsik.<br />2. Intrinsik (non alergik)<br />Ditandai dengan adanya reaksi non alergi yang bereaksi terhadap pencetus yang tidak spesifik atau tidak diketahui, seperti udara dingin atau bisa juga disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi saluran pernafasan dan emosi. Serangan asma ini menjadi lebih berat dan sering sejalan dengan berlalunya waktu dan dapat berkembang menjadi bronkhitis kronik dan emfisema. Beberapa pasien akan mengalami asma gabungan.<br />3. Asma gabungan<br />Bentuk asma yang paling umum. Asma ini mempunyai karakteristik dari bentuk alergik dan non-alergik.<br /><br />C. Etiologi<br />Ada beberapa hal yang merupakan faktor predisposisi dan presipitasi timbulnya serangan asma bronkhial.<br />1. Faktor predisposisi<br />a. Genetik<br />Dimana yang diturunkan adalah bakat alerginya, meskipun belum diketahui bagaimana cara penurunannya yang jelas. Penderita dengan penyakit alerg biasanya mempunyai keluarga dekat juga menderita penyakit alergi. Karena adanya bakat alergi ini, penderita sangat mudah terkena penyakit asma bronkhial jika terpapar dengan faktor pencetus. Selain itu hipersentifisitas saluran pernafasannya juga bisa diturunkan.<br />2. Faktor presipitasi<br />a. Alergen<br />Dimana alergen dapat dibagi menjadi 3 jenis, yaitu : <br />1) Inhalan, yang masuk melalui saluran pernapasan<br />ex: debu, bulu binatang, serbuk bunga, spora jamur, bakteri dan polusi <br />2) Ingestan, yang masuk melalui mulut<br />ex: makanan dan obat-obatan<br />3) Kontaktan, yang masuk melalui kontak dengan kulit<br />ex: perhiasan, logam dan jam tangan<br />b. Perubahan cuaca<br />Cuaca lembab dan hawa pegunungan yang dingin sering mempengaruhi asma. Atmosfir yang mendadak dingin merupakan faktor pemicu terjadinya serangan asma. Kadang-kadang serangan berhubungan dengan musim, seperti: musim hujan, musim kemarau, musim bunga. Hal ini berhubungan dengan arah angin serbuk bunga dan debu.<br />c. Stress<br />Stress/ gangguan emosi dapat menjadi pencetus serangan asma, selain itu juga bisa memperberat serangan asma yang sudah ada. Disamping gejala asma yang timbul harus segera diobati penderita asma yang mengalami stress/gangguanemosi perlu diberi nasehat untuk menyelesaikan masalah pribadinya. Karena jika stressnya belum diatasi maka gejala asmanya belum bisa diobati.<br />d. Lingkungan kerja<br />Mempunyai hubungan langsung dengan sebab terjadinya serangan asma. Hal ini berkaitan dengan dimana dia bekerja. Misalnya orang yang bekerja di laboratorium hewan, industri tekstil, pabrik asbes, polisi lalu lintas. Gejala ini membaik pada waktu libur atau cuti.<br />e. Olah raga/ aktifitas jasmani yang berat<br />Sebagian besar penderita asma akan mendapat serangan jika melakukan aktifitas jasmani atau aloh raga yang berat. Lari cepat paling mudah menimbulkan serangan asma. Serangan asma karena aktifitas biasanya terjadi segera setelah selesai aktifitas tersebut.<br /><br />D. Patofisiologi<br />Asma ditandai dengan kontraksi spastic dari otot polos bronkhiolus yang menyebabkan sukar bernafas. Penyebab yang umum adalah hipersensitivitas bronkhioulus terhadap benda-benda asing di udara. Reaksi yang timbul pada asma tipe alergi diduga terjadi dengan cara sebagai berikut : seorang yang alergi mempunyai kecenderungan untuk membentuk sejumlah antibody Ig E abnormal dalam jumlah besar dan antibodi ini menyebabkan reaksi alergi bila reaksi dengan antigen spesifikasinya. Pada asma, antibody ini terutama melekat pada sel mast yang terdapat pada interstisial paru yang berhubungan erat dengan brokhiolus dan bronkhus kecil. Bila seseorang menghirup alergen maka antibody Ig E orang tersebut meningkat, alergen bereaksi dengan antibodi yang telah terlekat pada sel mast dan menyebabkan sel ini akan mengeluarkan berbagai macam zat, diantaranya histamin, zat anafilaksis yang bereaksi lambat (yang merupakan leukotrient), factor kemotaktik eosinofilik dan bradikinin. Efek gabungan dari semua faktor-faktor ini akan menghasilkan adema lokal pada dinding bronkhioulus kecil maupun sekresi mucus yang kental dalam lumen bronkhioulus dan spasme otot polos bronkhiolus sehingga menyebabkan tahanan saluran napas menjadi sangat meningkat.<br />Pada asma , diameter bronkiolus lebih berkurang selama ekspirasi daripada selama inspirasi karena peningkatan tekanan dalam paru selama eksirasi paksa menekan bagian luar bronkiolus. Karena bronkiolus sudah tersumbat sebagian, maka sumbatan selanjutnya adalah akibat dari tekanan eksternal yang menimbulkan obstruksi berat terutama selama ekspirasi. Pada penderita asma biasanya dapat melakukan inspirasi dengan baik dan adekuat, tetapi sekali-kali melakukan ekspirasi. Hal ini menyebabkan dispnea. Kapasitas residu fungsional dan volume residu paru menjadi sangat meningkat selama serangan asma akibat kesukaran mengeluarkan udara ekspirasi dari paru. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan barrel chest.<br /><br />E. Manifestasi Klinik<br />Biasanya pada penderita yang sedang bebas serangan tidak ditemukan gejala klinis, tapi pada saat serangan penderita tampak bernafas cepat dan dalam, gelisah, duduk dengan menyangga ke depan, serta tanpa otot-otot bantu pernafasan bekerja dengan keras. Gejala klasik dari asma bronkial ini adalah sesak nafas, mengi (whezing), batuk, dan pada sebagian penderita ada yang merasa nyeri di dada. Gejala-gejala tersebut tidak selalu dijumpai bersamaan.<br />Pada serangan asma yang lebih berat , gejala-gejala yang timbul makin banyak, antara lain : silent chest, sianosis, gangguan kesadaran, hyperinflasi dada, tachicardi dan pernafasan cepat dangkal . Serangan asma seringkali terjadi pada malam hari.<br />F. Pemeriksaan laboratorium<br />1. Pemeriksaan sputum<br />Pemeriksaan sputum dilakukan untuk melihat adanya:<br />• Kristal-kristal charcot leyden yang merupakan degranulasi dari Kristal eosinopil.<br />• Spiral curshmann, yakni yang merupakan cast cell (sel cetakan) dari cabang bronkus.<br />• Creole yang merupakan fragmen dari epitel bronkus.<br />• Netrofil dan eosinopil yang terdapat pada sputum, umumnya bersifat mukoid dengan viskositas yang tinggi dan kadang terdapat mucus plug.<br />2. Pemeriksaan darah<br />• Analisa gas darah pada umumnya normal akan tetapi dapat pula terjadi hipoksemia, hiperkapnia, atau asidosis.<br />• Kadang pada darah terdapat peningkatan dari SGOT dan LDH.<br />• Hiponatremia dan kadar leukosit kadang-kadang di atas 15.000/mm3 dimana menandakan terdapatnya suatu infeksi.<br />• Pada pemeriksaan faktor-faktor alergi terjadi peningkatan dari Ig E pada waktu serangan dan menurun pada waktu bebas dari serangan.<br /><br />G. Pemeriksaan penunjang<br />1. Pemeriksaan radiologi<br />Gambaran radiologi pada asma pada umumnya normal. Pada waktu serangan menunjukan gambaran hiperinflasi pada paru-paru yakni radiolusen yang bertambah dan peleburan rongga intercostalis, serta diafragma yang menurun. Akan tetapi bila terdapat komplikasi, maka kelainan yang didapat adalah sebagai berikut:<br />• Bila disertai dengan bronkitis, maka bercak-bercak di hilus akan bertambah.<br />• Bila terdapat komplikasi empisema (COPD), maka gambaran radiolusen akan semakin bertambah.<br />• Bila terdapat komplikasi, maka terdapat gambaran infiltrate pada paru.<br />• Dapat pula menimbulkan gambaran atelektasis lokal.<br />• Bila terjadi pneumonia mediastinum, pneumotoraks, dan pneumoperikardium, maka dapat dilihat bentuk gambaran radiolusen pada paru-paru. <br />2. Pemeriksaan tes kulit<br />Dilakukan untuk mencari faktor alergi dengan berbagai alergen yang dapat menimbulkan reaksi yang positif pada asma. <br />3. Elektrokardiografi<br />Gambaran elektrokardiografi yang terjadi selama serangan dapat dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, dan disesuaikan dengan gambaran yang terjadi pada empisema paru yaitu :<br />• Perubahan aksis jantung, yakni pada umumnya terjadi right axis deviasi dan clock wise rotation.<br />• Terdapatnya tanda-tanda hipertropi otot jantung, yakni terdapatnya RBB ( Right bundle branch block).<br />• Tanda-tanda hopoksemia, yakni terdapatnya sinus tachycardia, SVES, dan VES atau terjadinya depresi segmen ST negative.<br />4. Scanning paru<br />Dengan scanning paru melalui inhalasi dapat dipelajari bahwa redistribusi udara selama serangan asma tidak menyeluruh pada paru-paru.<br />5. Spirometri<br />Untuk menunjukkan adanya obstruksi jalan nafas reversible, cara yang paling cepat dan sederhana diagnosis asma adalah melihat respon pengobatan dengan bronkodilator. Pemeriksaan spirometer dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian bronkodilator aerosol (inhaler atau nebulizer) golongan adrenergik. Peningkatan FEV1 atau FVC sebanyak lebih dari 20% menunjukkan diagnosis asma. Tidak adanya respon aerosol bronkodilator lebih dari 20%. Pemeriksaan spirometri tidak saja penting untuk menegakkan diagnosis tetapi juga penting untuk menilai berat obstruksi dan efek pengobatan. Benyak penderita tanpa keluhan tetapi pemeriksaan spirometrinya menunjukkan obstruksi.<br /><br />H. Komplikasi<br />Berbagai komplikasi yang mungkin timbul adalah :<br />1. Status asmatikus<br />2. Atelektasis<br />3. Hipoksemia<br />4. Pneumothoraks<br />5. Emfisema<br />6. Deformitas thoraks<br />7. Gagal nafas<br /><br />I. Penatalaksanaan<br />Prinsip umum pengobatan asma bronchial adalah :<br />1. Menghilangkan obstruksi jalan nafas dengan segera.<br />2. Mengenal dan menghindari fakto-faktor yang dapat mencetuskan serangan asma <br />3. Memberikan penerangan kepada penderita ataupun keluarganya mengenai penyakit asma, baik pengobatannya maupun tentang perjalanan penyakitnya sehingga penderita mengerti tujuan penngobatan yang diberikan dan bekerjasama dengan dokter atau perawat yang merawatnya.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br /><br />A. Kesimpulan<br />Asma bronchial adalah gangguan fungsi aliran udara paru yang ditandai oleh kepekaan saluran nafas terhadap berbagai rangsangan dengar karakteristik bronkospasme, hiper sekresimukosa dan infeksi saluran pernafasan.<br />Asma dapat timbul pada berbagai usia, gejalanya bervariasi dari ringan sampai berat dan dapat dikontrol dengan berbagai cara. Gejala asma dapat ditimbulkan oleh berbagai rangsangan antara lain infeksi, alergi, obat-obatan, polusi udara, bahan kimia, beban kerja atau latihan fisik, bau-bauan yang merangsang dan emosi.<br /><br />B. Saran<br />Diharapkan setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan, klien dapat mengerti dan memahami pengertian perawatan dan pencegahan asma sehingga dapat terhidnar dari serangan asma.<br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Brunner & Suddarth. 2002, Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medical Bedah, volume 2. Edisi 2 Jakarta : EGC<br />Doengoes, M. 2000. Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan. Edisi 3. Jakarta : EGC<br />Mansjoer, dkk. 2000. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Jilid I edisi 3. Jakarta Media <br />Mangunnegoso, H. dkk , 2004. Asma Pedoman Diagnois dan Penatalaksanaan di Indonesia, Jakarta. Balai Penerbit FKUI<br />Dewanti, Santi. 2002. Exercise – Induced Asthma, Jakarta.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-17549972325846436262013-04-06T20:27:00.001-07:002018-12-14T01:57:20.120-08:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN DENGAN ULKUS PORTIOASUHAN KEBIDANAN TERHADAP Ny ”S” DENGAN ULCUS PORTIO<br />
DI PUSKESMAS CAMPALAGIAN<br />
<br />
I. PENGKAJIAN <br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
A. Identitas <br />
Nama Ibu : Ny. S Nama Ayah : Tn. K<br />
Umur : 39 Tahun Umur : 43 Tahun <br />
Agama : Islam Agama : Islam <br />
Suku : Jawa Suku : Jawa<br />
Pendidikan : SMA Pendidikan : SMA <br />
Pekerjaan : IRT Pekerjaan : Wiraswasta <br />
Alamat : Ugi Baru Alamat : Ugi Baru<br />
B. Anamnesa (Data Subyektif) <br />
Pada tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 <br />
Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Keluhan Utama<br />
Ibu mengatakan terdapat perdarahan saat melakukan hubungan seksual dan keputihan <br />
2. Riwayat Kesehatan <br />
Ibu tidak pernah menderita penyakit menular seksual atau penyakit kelamin. <br />
3. Riwayat Kesehatan Keluarga <br />
Keluarga ibu dan keluarga suami tidak pernah menderita PMS atau penyakit kelamin lainnya. <br />
4. Riwayat Fungsi Reproduksi <br />
Haid : Ibu menarche umur 13 tahun, haid teratur, siklus kurang lebih 28 hari lamanya 7 hari dan 2-3 x ganti pembalut <br />
Kebiasaan seksual : Coitus dilakukan dalam 4 - 5kali/minggu <br />
Tumor : Tidak ada<br />
Infeksi : Ada <br />
Gangguan KB : Ada <br />
5. Pola Kebiasaan Sehari-hari <br />
a. Makan<br />
Ibu makan 2 x sehari dengan porsi sedikit dengan nasi, sayur, lauk dan terkadang buah-buahan. <br />
b. Eliminasi <br />
BAB : 1 x sehari, konsistensi lunak <br />
BAK : 5-6 x sehari dan tidak ada gangguan <br />
c. Personal hygiene <br />
Ibu mandi 3 x sehari, sikat gigi 2 x sehari, ganti pakaian luar 2x dan dalam setiap kali mandi, tetapi ibu kurang memperhatikan kebersihan daerah genital, ibu tidak menggangi pakaian dalam yang sudah lembab, ibu tidak mengeringkan genitalnya kali selesai <br />
d. Istirahat dan tidur <br />
Tidur malam : 6 – 7 jam <br />
Tidur siang : kurang lebih 1 jam <br />
6. Riwayat Persalinan, Kehamilan, Nifas Yang Lalu <br />
No Tgl/Tahun persalinan Tempat Pertolongan Usia Kehamilan Jenis Persalinan Penolong Penyulit Kehamian Anak<br />
JK BB PB Keadaan<br />
1 12 Januari 1991 BPS Aterm Normal Bidan - L 3100 gr 48 cm Baik<br />
Maret 1994 BPS Aterm Normal Bidan - P 2800 gr 49 cm Baik<br />
Desember 1999 BPS Aterm Normal Bidan - P 3000 gr 48 cm Baik<br />
April 2006 BPS Atem Normal Bidan - L 3200 gr 50 cm Baik<br />
<br />
7. Ketergantungan <br />
Ibu tidak pernah merokok dan minum-minuman beralkohol, ibu juga tidak mempunyai alergi terhadap makanan dan obat-obatan.<br />
<br />
C. Data Obektif<br />
1. Pemeriksaan Umum<br />
Keadaan Umum : Baik <br />
Kesadaran : Composmentis <br />
Tanda-tanda vital <br />
a. TD : 120/70 mmHg<br />
b. RR : 21 x/menit <br />
c. Nadi : 101 x/menit <br />
d. Temp : 37,30C<br />
2. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />
a. Rambut : Bersih, tidak kusam<br />
Kulit kepala : Tidak ada ketombe <br />
b. Muka <br />
Kelopak mata : Tidak ada odema <br />
Konjungtiva : Anemis <br />
Sclera : An ikterik <br />
c. Mulut dan gigi <br />
Lidah dan geraham : Bersih, tidak ada caries dan lesi <br />
Gigi : Tidak ada lubang <br />
d. Kelenjar thyroid : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
Vena jugularis : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
e. Kelenjar getah bening : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
f. Dada : Bentuk simetris <br />
Jantung : Bunyi lup dup teratur <br />
Paru-paru : Tidak ada wheezing dan ronchi<br />
<br />
g. Payudara : Simetris kanan-kiri <br />
Putting susu : Bersih, nyeri tidak ada <br />
h. Perut : Simetris, tidak ada massa/benjolan <br />
i. Genetalia : Darah (+), Fluor albus (+), terdapat jaringan nekrotik pada portio<br />
j. Ekstremitas : Tidak ada oedema pada ekstremitas atas dan bawah <br />
k. Reflek patella : Positif (+)<br />
<br />
D. Pemeriksaan Penunjang<br />
1. Pap smear : Lesi (+)<br />
2. Preparat basah : Positif (+)<br />
<br />
II. IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH, DIAGNOSA DAN KEBUTUHAN <br />
A. Diagnosa <br />
Ny. B , usia 39 tahun dengan ulcus portio.<br />
Dasar : <br />
Data subyektif<br />
1. Ibu mengatakan merasa nyeri dan pendarahan setelah melakukan hubungan seksual<br />
2. Ibu mengatakan mengeluarkan keputihan yang berlebihan dari kemaluannya<br />
Data obyektif<br />
1. Keadaan Umum : Baik <br />
2. Kesadaran : Composmentis <br />
3. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 120/70 mmHg<br />
RR : 21 x/menit <br />
Nadi : 101 x/menit <br />
Temp : 37,30C<br />
4. Speculum servik potio tidak rata, terlihat merah dan sedikit bengkak, terdapat cairan yang keluar<br />
B. Masalah<br />
Nyeri pada melakukan hubungan seksual<br />
Dasar : ibu mengatakan merasa nyeri saat melakukan hubungan seksual<br />
C. Kebutuhan <br />
Mengurangi hubungan seksual<br />
Dasar : Untuk mengurangi sakit yang ibu alami<br />
<br />
III. IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH POTENSIAL ATAU DIAGNOSA LAIN <br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Infeksi lebih lanjut/ meluas<br />
2. Anemia<br />
<br />
IV. EVALUASI KEBUTUHAN SEGERA<br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn untuk pemberian terapi<br />
2. Kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn untuk tindakan selanjutnya<br />
<br />
V. RENCANA TINDAKAN <br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang kondisinya saat ini<br />
Rasional : Agar ibu tahu tenang kondisinya saat ini<br />
2. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang gejala akibat perdarahan dan keputihan<br />
Rasional : Ibu lebih tenang, dan mengerti teentang keadaannya<br />
3. Anjurkan ibu untuk Pap Smear tiap 6 bulan sekali<br />
Rasional : Mendeteksi apakah ada kelainan<br />
4. Anjurkan ibu untuk menjaga kebersihan genetalia dengan mengganti celana dalam sesering mungkin <br />
Rasional : Mencegah perkembangan kuman<br />
5. Anjurkan ibu makan rnakanan bergizi / TKTP<br />
Rasional : Meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dan mengganti sel yang rusak.<br />
6. Anjurkan pada ibu untuk tidak berhubungan seksual sementara waktu sampai sembuh<br />
Rasional : Mencegah penularan penyakit dan memperburuk kondisi ibu<br />
7. Kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn tentang terapi penyakit dan pengobatan¬<br />
Rasional : Mendapat penanganan tepat <br />
<br />
VI. IMPLEMENTASI <br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Menjelaskan hasil pemeriksaan pada ibu, bahwa kondisi ibu saat ini kurang baik,TD: 120/ 70 mmhg, nadi :101x/menit, RR ; 21x/menit, suhu : 37,30 C dan ibu mengalami infeksi pada portio.<br />
2. Menjelaskan pada ibu faktor yang berkaitan yaitu penggunaan IUD yang terlalu lama dan tanpa kontrol yang dikarenakan IUD yang berkarat, gesekan benang dan posisi IUD yang tidak tepat, perilaku seksual yang tidak sehat seperti sering berganti pasangan dan juga frekuensi coitus yang terlalu sering, Trauma pada portio bia karena IUD atau trauma saat Coitus.<br />
3. Menganjurkan ibu untuk melakukan Pap smear setiap 6 bulan sekali untuk deteksi dini dan mencegah komplikasi atau bertambah parahnya ulcus.<br />
4. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengganti celana dalam sesering mungin untuk mencegah kelembaban pada daerah genetalia yang dapat menyebabkan bertambah parahnya ulcus portio karena penumpukan bakteri pada daerah genetalia yang akan masuk ke daerah vagina dan portio.<br />
5. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi atau TKTP ( Tinggi Kalsium Tinggi Protein ) , agar kebutuhan ibu terhadap protein dan kalsium benar-benar terpenuhi.<br />
6. Menganjurkan ibu untuk tidak melakukan hubungan seksual terlebih dahulu sebelum ulcus benar-benar sembuh untuk mencegah bertambah parahnya peradangan dan lesi pada portio.<br />
7. Menganjurkan ibu untuk kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn untuk mendapatkan terapi dan pengobatan yang tepat untuk penyembuhan.<br />
VII. EVALUASI <br />
Tanggal : 11 Oktober 2012 Pukul : 09.00 WIB<br />
1. Ibu tahu tentang kondisinya saat ini<br />
2. Ibu sudah mengetahui faktor penyebab dari sakit yang dideritanya<br />
3. Ibu bersedia untuk melakukan pap smear setiap 6 bulan <br />
4. Ibu bersedia untuk mengganti celana dalam sesering mungkin<br />
5. Ibu bersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi TKTP <br />
6. Ibu bersedia untuk tidak melakukan hubungan seksual untuk sementara<br />
7. Ibu bersedia melakukan kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn <br />
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PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
TANGGAL 11 OKTOBER 2012<br />
S O A P<br />
<br />
SUBJEKTIF<br />
1. Identitas Pasien<br />
Nama Ibu : Ny. S Nama Ayah : Tn. K<br />
Umur : 39 Tahun Umur : 43 Tahun <br />
Agama : Islam Agama : Islam <br />
Suku : Jawa Suku : Jawa<br />
Pendidikan : SMA Pendidikan : SMA <br />
Pekerjaan : IRT Pekerjaan : Wiraswasta <br />
Alamat : Ugi Baru Alamat : Ugi Baru<br />
<br />
2. Keluhan Utama<br />
Ibu mengatakan terdapat perdarahan saat melakukan hubungan seksual dan keputihan <br />
<br />
3. Riwayat Haid<br />
Ibu menarche umur 13 tahun, haid teratur, siklus kurang lebih 28 hari lamanya 7 hari dan 2-3 x ganti pembalut<br />
<br />
4. Pola Kebiasaan Sehari-hari <br />
a. Makan<br />
Ibu makan 2 x sehari dengan porsi sedikit dengan nasi, sayur, lauk dan terkadang buah-buahan. <br />
b. Eliminasi <br />
BAB : 1 x sehari, konsistensi lunak <br />
BAK : 5-6 x sehari dan tidak ada gangguan <br />
<br />
<br />
c. Personal hygiene <br />
Ibu mandi 3 x sehari, sikat gigi 2 x sehari, ganti pakaian luar 2x dan dalam setiap kali mandi, tetapi ibu kurang memperhatikan kebersihan daerah genital, ibu tidak menggangi pakaian dalam yang sudah lembab, ibu tidak mengeringkan genitalnya kali selesai <br />
d. Istirahat dan tidur <br />
Tidur malam : 6 – 7 jam <br />
Tidur siang : kurang lebih 1 jam <br />
<br />
OBJEKTIF<br />
Pemeriksaan Umum<br />
Keadaan Umum : Baik <br />
Kesadaran : Composmentis <br />
Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 120/70 mmHg<br />
RR : 21 x/menit <br />
Nadi : 101 x/menit <br />
Temp : 37,30C<br />
<br />
Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />
a. Rambut : Bersih, tidak kusam<br />
Kulit kepala : Tidak ada ketombe <br />
b. Muka <br />
Kelopak mata : Tidak ada odema <br />
Konjungtiva : Anemis <br />
Sclera : An ikterik <br />
c. Mulut dan gigi <br />
Lidah dan geraham : Bersih, tidak ada caries dan lesi <br />
Gigi : Tidak ada lubang <br />
d. Kelenjar thyroid : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
Vena jugularis : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
e. Kelenjar getah bening : Tidak ada pembesaran <br />
f. Dada : Bentuk simetris <br />
Jantung : Bunyi lup dup teratur <br />
Paru-paru : Tidak ada wheezing dan ronchi<br />
g. Payudara : Simetris kanan-kiri <br />
Putting susu : Bersih, nyeri tidak ada <br />
h. Perut : Simetris, tidak ada massa/benjolan <br />
i. Genetalia : Darah (+), Fluor albus (+), terdapat jaringan nekrotik pada portio<br />
j. Ekstremitas : Tidak ada oedema pada ekstremitas atas dan bawah <br />
k. Reflek patella : Positif (+)<br />
<br />
ASSESMENT<br />
Diagnosa : wanita 32 tahun dengan perdarahan di luar haid (ulkus portio)<br />
Masalah : Cemas, keputihan, bercak-bercak darah yang belum diketahui sebabnya, nyeri abdomen, dan perih pada vagina.<br />
Kebutuhan : Istirahat, personal hygiene, nutrisi, dukungan psikologis, informasi tentang penyakit yang diderita.<br />
Potensial terjadi Ca cerviks.<br />
<br />
PLANNING<br />
1. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang kondisinya saat ini<br />
E/ Ibu tahu tentang kondisinya saat ini<br />
2. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang gejala akibat perdarahan dan keputihan<br />
E/ Ibu sudah mengetahui faktor penyebab dari sakit yang dideritanya<br />
3. Anjurkan ibu untuk Pap Smear tiap 6 bulan sekali<br />
E/ Ibu bersedia untuk melakukan pap smear setiap 6 bulan<br />
4. Anjurkan ibu untuk menjaga kebersihan genetalia dengan mengganti celana dalam sesering mungkin <br />
E/ Ibu bersedia untuk mengganti celana dalam sesering mungkin<br />
5. Anjurkan ibu makan rnakanan bergizi / TKTP<br />
E/ Ibu bersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi TKTP<br />
6. Anjurkan pada ibu untuk tidak berhubungan seksual sementara waktu sampai sembuh<br />
E/ Ibu bersedia untuk tidak melakukan hubungan seksual untuk sementara<br />
7. Kolaborasi dengan dokter obgyn tentang terapi penyakit dan pengobatan¬<br />
E/ Ibu bersedia melakukan kolaborasi dengan dokter obgynIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-66011543817724274012013-04-06T20:12:00.005-07:002013-04-06T20:18:02.467-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “D” DENGAN PELVIKSITISASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “D” DENGAN PELVIKSITIS<br />DI RSUD POLEWALI MANDAR<br />TANGGAL 18 JANUARI 2011<br /><br />No. Register : 077424<br />Tgl. Masuk RS : 18 Januari 2011, jam 07.45 wita<br />Tgl. Pengkajian : 18 Januari 2011, jam 08.00 wita<br />I. PENGKAJIAN<br />A. Data Subjektif<br />1) Biodata<br />1. Nama : Ny “A” / Tn “J”<br />2. Umur : 25 thn / 28 thn<br />3. Suku : Bugis / Mandar<br />4. Agama : Islam / Islam<br />5. Pendidikan : SMA / SMK<br />6. Pekerjaan : IRT / Wiraswasta<br />7. Status Perkawinan : Menikah 1 kali<br />8. Lama Menikah : 3 tahun<br />9. Alamat : Jl. Jend. Sudirman<br />2) Keluhan Utama,<br />ibu mengatakan badan panas, nyeri di bagian bawah perut, tampak sakit, disertai gejala gastrointestinal (obstipasi atau diare, mual atau muntah), gangguan sistem urogenital (polakisuria/ disuria, dipareunia, pengeluaran leukorea, berbau/ kotor bahkan bercampur darah)<br />3) Riwayat Kesehatan Sekarang<br />Terjadi pada wanita yang menderita IMS, atau wanita setelah melahirkan (nifas), atau wanita yang mengalami ISK, ataupun wanita yang mengalami infeksi limfogen/hematogen<br />4) Riwayat Kesehatan Dahulu<br />Wanita yang pernah mengalami KET, Abortus Septikus, Endometriosis, IMS, ISK, ataupun infeksi limfogen/hematogen<br />5) Riwayat Kesehatan Keluarga<br />a. Tidak ada riwayat menderita penyakit serius seperti DM, Tumor, Hipertensi, PMS dan TBC.<br />b. Tidak ada riwayat alergi makanan atau obat-obatan.<br />c. Tidak pernah merokok, minum minuman beralkohol dan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan berbahaya.<br />6) Riwayat Menstruasi<br />Wanita yang mengalami gangguan menstruasi seperti metroragia, menoragia. Wanita yang sering mengeluarkan sekret yang purulen dari vagina<br />7) Riwayat Perkawinan<br />Istri/Suami menikah pertama kali.<br />8) Riwayat Obstetri<br />Wanita yang pernah mengalami komplikasi kehamilan (Abortus, KET) komplikasi persalinan (SC dengan infeksi, partus dengan infeksi) komplikasi nifas (infeksi nifas)<br />9) Riwayat KB<br />Wanita tidak menggunakan KB AKDR seperti IUD<br />10) Riwayat PsikososialSpiritual<br />Wanita yang sosialnya rentan terhadap penularan penyakit seksual. Psikologi dan spiritual wanita kurang kuat, sehingga mudah terpengaruh dengan keadaan/ orang disekitarnya.<br />11) Pola kegiatan Sehari-hari<br /> Nutrisi : nafsu makan berkurang akibat rasa sakit di daerah abdomen<br /> Eliminasi : bisa disertai rasa sakit ketika berkemih<br /> Personal Hygiene : wanita yang personal hygiene ↓ terutama daerah genetalia memudahkan bakteri masuk ke dalam organ reproduksi internal<br /> Wanita yang terlalu sering menggunakan pembersih kewanitaan dapat melemahkan floura normal pada geneatalia sehingga kuman mudah masuk ke bagian yang lebih dalam<br /> Seksual : wanita yang mengkomersialkan kewanitaannya ke beberapa pria, rentan terjadi infeksi genetalia interna sampai ke panggul bila tidak terdeteksi dan diobati sejak dini. Ada rasa sakit ketika melakukan hubungan seksual.<br /><br />B. Data Objektif<br />1) Pemeriksaan Umum<br /> TTV:<br />TD : 130/80 mmHg<br />DN : 72 x / menit<br />SB : 36,5 °C<br />RR : 22 x / menit<br />2) Pemeriksaan Fisik<br /> Leher : terdapat pembesaran kelenjar limfe yang menandakan adanya infeksi<br /> Abdomen : Nyeri suprasimfasis terasa lebih menonjol daripada nyeri di kuadran atas abdomen. Rasa nyeri biasanya bilateral. Bila terasa nyeri hanya uniteral, diagnosis radang panggul akan sulit dirtegakkan.<br /> Bila sudah terjadi iritasi peritoneum, maka akan terjadi “reburn tenderness”, nyeri tekan dan kekakuan otot sebelah bawah.<br /> Tergantung dari berat dan lamanya peradangan, radang panggul dapat pula disertai gejala ileus paralitik<br /> Genetalia: terlihat sekret yang purulen<br />3) Pemeriksaan Penunjang<br /> Periksa darah lengkap : Hb turun akibat nutrisi ↓, leukosit meningkat akibat adanya infeksi, LED meningkat. <br /> Urinalisis : kemungkinan ada bakteri dalam urine<br /> Tes kehamilan : mendeteksi adanya janin atau tidak sehingga dapat melakukan tindakan yang sesuai<br /> Pemeriksaan cairan dari serviks : adanya bakteri pada lendir serviks<br /> Kuldosintesis : adakah massa/drah pada cavumdoglas<br /> Laparoskopi :adakah kelainan pada organ genetalia interna misalnya perlekatan<br /> USG panggul : adakah kelainan pada organ genetalia interna misalnya perlekatan<br /><br />II. INTERPRETASI DATA DASAR<br />Dx : Ny ”A” dengan Pelviksitis<br />Ds : ibu mengatakan badan panas, nyeri di bagian bawah perut, tampak sakit, disertai gejala gastrointestinal (obstipasi atau diare, mual atau muntah), gangguan sistem urogenital (polakisuria/ disuria, dipareunia, pengeluaran leukorea, berbau/ kotor bahkan bercampur darah)<br />Do : Pemeriksaan Umum<br />TTV:<br />TD : 130/80 mmHg<br />DN : 72 x / menit<br />SB : 36,5 °C<br />RR : 22 x / menit<br />Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />• Leher : terdapat pembesaran kelenjar limfe yang menandakan adanya infeksi<br />• Abdomen : Nyeri suprasimfasis terasa lebih menonjol daripada nyeri di kuadran atas abdomen. Rasa nyeri biasanya bilateral. Bila terasa nyeri hanya uniteral, diagnosis radang panggul akan sulit dirtegakkan.<br />• Bila sudah terjadi iritasi peritoneum, maka akan terjadi “reburn tenderness”, nyeri tekan dan kekakuan otot sebelah bawah.<br />• Tergantung dari berat dan lamanya peradangan, radang panggul dapat pula disertai gejala ileus paralitik<br />• Genetalia: terlihat sekret yang purulen<br />Pemeriksaan Penunjang<br />• Periksa darah lengkap : Hb turun akibat nutrisi ↓, leukosit meningkat akibat adanya infeksi, LED meningkat. <br />• Urinalisis : kemungkinan ada bakteri dalam urine<br />• Tes kehamilan : mendeteksi adanya janin atau tidak sehingga dapat melakukan tindakan yang sesuai<br />• Pemeriksaan cairan dari serviks : adanya bakteri pada lendir serviks<br />• Kuldosintesis : adakah massa/drah pada cavumdoglas<br />• Laparoskopi :adakah kelainan pada organ genetalia interna misalnya perlekatan<br />• USG panggul : adakah kelainan pada organ genetalia interna misalnya perlekatan<br />Masalah: <br />• Hipertermi<br />• Rasa nyeri di bagian Abdomen<br />• Gangguan gastrointestinal (obstipasi atau diare, mual atau muntah)<br />• Gangguan sistem urogenital (polakisuria/ disuria, dipareunia, pengeluaran leukorea, berbau/ kotor bahkan bercampur darah)<br /><br />III. IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH DAN DIAGNOSA POTENSIAL<br />Syok Septik Ireversible<br /><br />IV. IDENTFIKASI KEBUTUHAN SEGERA<br />Pemberian Antibiotik secara Radikal<br /><br /><br />V. INTERVENSI<br />Intervensi disesuaikan dengan masalah pada ibu.<br />Bila ada kasus di BPS, maka:<br />1. Beritahu pasien tentang keadaan dirinya<br />R/ pasien memahami keadaan dirinya sehingga lebih kooperatif dalam pemberian tidakan<br />2. Perbaiki keadaan umum ibu sesuai kewenangan<br />R/ keadaan umum yang biasa timbul adalah badan panas dan nyeri bagian abdomen. Bidan bisa memberikan antipiretik dan analgesik, namun tetap harus dirujuk ke dokter spesialis/puskesmas/ rumah sakit sehingga dapat memperbaiki keadaan umum<br />3. Rujuk ibu ke pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih memadai untuk diadakan uji laboratorium dan pengobatan yang komprehensif<br />R/ tindakan yang tepat dan diperiksa secara dini di pelayanan yang memadai bisa memperingan gejala yang dialami.<br />Bila sudah di pelayanan kesehatan yang memadai maka dilakukan,<br />4. Pemeriksaan laboratorium kultur<br />R/ dengan mengetahui mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi maka dapat ditentukan pengobatan antibiotik sesuai dengan mikroorganisme tersebut.<br />5. Tes Antibiotik<br />R/ uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada pasien agar mengetahui pasien alergen atau tidak terhadap antibiotik yang diberikan <br />6. Pegobatan Antibiotik Radikal ( pengobatan Triple Drug )<br />R/ pengobatan Triple Drug menjadi kesembuhan radikal dapat dicapai untuk menghindari penyakit radang panggul dan perlekatan dengan menekan dan menghentikan mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi.<br />7. Pengobatan dengan operasi (Laparotomi)<br />R/ bila terjadi perlekatan maka tindakan pengangkatan sumber infeksi dan rekontruksi harus dilakukan.<br /><br />VI. IMPLEMENTASI<br />1. Memberitahu pasien tentang keadaan dirinya<br />R/ pasien memahami keadaan dirinya.<br />2. Memperbaiki keadaan umum ibu sesuai kewenangan<br />R/ Ibu melakukan anjuran yang telah diberikan<br />3. Merujuk ibu ke pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih memadai untuk diadakan uji laboratorium dan pengobatan yang komprehensif<br />R/ Ibu dan keluarga setuju dengan tindakan yang akan dilakukan<br />4. Memeriksaan laboratorium kultur<br />R/ dengan mengetahui mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi maka dapat ditentukan pengobatan antibiotik sesuai dengan mikroorganisme tersebut.<br />5. Melakukan Tes Antibiotik<br />R/ uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada pasien agar mengetahui pasien alergen atau tidak terhadap antibiotik yang diberikan <br />6. Melakukan Pengobatan Antibiotik Radikal ( pengobatan Triple Drug )<br />R/ pengobatan Triple Drug menjadi kesembuhan radikal dapat dicapai untuk menghindari penyakit radang panggul dan perlekatan dengan menekan dan menghentikan mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi.<br />7. Melakukan Pengobatan dengan operasi (Laparotomi)<br />R/ bila terjadi perlekatan maka tindakan pengangkatan sumber infeksi dan rekontruksi harus dilakukan.<br />VII. EVALUASI<br />TTV dalam batas normal<br />TD : 110/70 mmhg<br />N : 80x/mnt<br />S : 36,5<br />P : 24x/mnt<br />Ibu merasa tenang dan mengerti keadaannya .<br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN ASUHAN KEBIDANAN Ny “A” DENGAN<br />PELVIKSITIS DI RSUD POLEWALI MANDAR<br />TANGGAL 18 JANUARI 2011<br /><br />No. Register : 077424<br />Tgl. Masuk RS : 18 Januari 2011, jam 07.45 wita<br />Tgl. Pengkajian : 18 Januari 2011, jam 08.00 wita<br /><br />Identitas Istri/Suami<br />1. Nama : Ny “A” / Tn “J”<br />2. Umur : 25 thn / 28 thn<br />3. Suku : Bugis / Mandar<br />4. Agama : Islam / Islam<br />5. Pendidikan : SMA / SMK<br />6. Pekerjaan : IRT / Wiraswasta<br />7. Status Perkawinan : Menikah 1 kali<br />8. Lama Menikah : 3 tahun<br />9. Alamat : Jl. Jend. Sudirman<br /><br />Subjektif ( S )<br />ibu mengatakan badan panas, nyeri di bagian bawah perut, tampak sakit, disertai gejala gastrointestinal (obstipasi atau diare, mual atau muntah), gangguan sistem urogenital (polakisuria/ disuria, dipareunia, pengeluaran leukorea, berbau/ kotor bahkan bercampur darah)<br /><br />Objektif ( O )<br />TTV:<br />TD : 130/80 mmHg<br />DN : 72 x / menit<br />SB : 36,5 °C<br />RR : 22 x / menit<br />Assesment ( A )<br />Diagnosa ditegakan berdasarkan gejala dan hasil dari pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan pemeriksaan panggul dan perabaan perut.<br /><br />Planning (P)<br />1. Memberitahu pasien tentang keadaan dirinya<br />R/ pasien memahami keadaan dirinya.<br />2. Memperbaiki keadaan umum ibu sesuai kewenangan<br />R/ Ibu melakukan anjuran yang telah diberikan<br />3. Merujuk ibu ke pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih memadai untuk diadakan uji laboratorium dan pengobatan yang komprehensif<br />R/ Ibu dan keluarga setuju dengan tindakan yang akan dilakukan<br />4. Memeriksaan laboratorium kultur<br />R/ dengan mengetahui mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi maka dapat ditentukan pengobatan antibiotik sesuai dengan mikroorganisme tersebut.<br />5. Melakukan Tes Antibiotik<br />R/ uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada pasien agar mengetahui pasien alergen atau tidak terhadap antibiotik yang diberikan <br />6. Melakukan Pengobatan Antibiotik Radikal ( pengobatan Triple Drug )<br />R/ pengobatan Triple Drug menjadi kesembuhan radikal dapat dicapai untuk menghindari penyakit radang panggul dan perlekatan dengan menekan dan menghentikan mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi.<br />7. Melakukan Pengobatan dengan operasi (Laparotomi)<br />R/ bila terjadi perlekatan maka tindakan pengangkatan sumber infeksi dan rekontruksi harus dilakukan.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-27094469586583206742013-04-06T20:01:00.001-07:002013-04-06T20:03:48.638-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN Nn “M” DENGAN MIOMA UTERIASUHAN KEBIDANAN Nn “M” DENGAN MIOMA UTERI<br />DI RSUD MAJENE KABUPATEN MAJENE<br />TANGGAL 2 s/d 4 MEI 2011<br /><br />No. Register : 08 43 83<br />Tgl MRS : 02 Mei 2011 pukul 12.10 Wita<br />Tgl pengkajian : 02 Mei 2011 pukul 15.00 Wita<br /><br />Langkah I. Identifikasi Data Dasar<br />A. Identitas Klien<br />Nama : Nn. “M”<br />Umur : 27 Thn<br />Suku : Mandar<br />Agama : Islam<br />Pendidikan : SMA<br />Pekerjaan : URT<br />Alamat : Desa Galung<br /><br />B. Data Biologis / Fisiologis<br />a. Keluhan Utama : Haid selama + 4 tahun yang lalu, nyeri dan terdapat benjolan pada perut bagian bawah.<br />b. Riwayat Keluhan Utama :<br />1. Keluhan dirasakan sejak 4 tahun lalu<br />2. Darah haid tidak seperti biasanya<br />3. Timbul benjolan sejak sebulan yang lalu<br />4. Adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah<br />5. Nyeri pada saat BAK<br />6. Mengeluh pusing dan merasa lemah<br />c. Sifat Keluhan : Menetap<br />d. Lokasi keluhan : Perut bagian bawah<br />e. Usaha klien untuk mengatasinya<br />Setelah klien merasakan kelainan klien berobat ke dukun + 4 tahun. Sehari sebelum masuk RS klien ke PKM Malunda dan langsung dirujuk ke RS Majene.<br /><br />C. Riwayat Reproduksi<br />Riwayat menstruasi<br />- Sebelum sakit<br />a. Menarche : 13 tahun<br />b. Siklus haid : 28 hari<br />c. Lamanya haid : 4 – 6 hari<br />d. Dismenorhoe : Tidak ada <br />- Sejak Sakit<br />a. Lama haid : + 4 tahun<br />b. Nyeri haid : Ada <br /><br />D. Riwayat Kesehatan <br />a. Tidak ada riwayat menderita penyakit serius seperti DM, Tumor, Hipertensi, PMS dan TBC.<br />b. Tidak ada riwayat alergi makanan atau obat-obatan.<br />c. Tidak pernah merokok, minum minuman beralkohol dan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan berbahaya.<br /><br />E. Data Psikologi, Sosial, Spiritual dan Ekonomi<br />1. Ekspresi wajah nampak cemas dan gelisah<br />2. Selalu menanyakan keadaannya<br />3. Hubungan pasien dengan keluarga baik<br />4. Pasien dan keluarga senantiasa berdoa dan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah SWT agar penyakitnya lekas sembuh<br />5. Pencari nafkah adalah orang tua<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />F. Riwayat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Dasar<br />1. Kebutuhan Nutrisi<br />- Sebelum sakit<br />a. Pola Makan : Pagi, siang dan malam<br />b. Jenis Makanan : Nasi, lauk-pauk dan sayur<br />c. Frekuensi Makan : 3x sehari<br />d. Nafsu Makan : Baik<br />e. Kebutuhan Minum : + 7-8 gelas sehari<br />f. Jenis Minuman : Air putih, kopi, teh<br />- Sekarang<br />a. Pola Makan : Pagi, siang dan malam<br />b. Jenis Makanan : Nasi, lauk-pauk dan sayur<br />c. Frekuensi Makan : 3x sehari<br />d. Nafsu Makan : Kurang<br />e. Kebutuhan Minum : + 4 gelas sehari<br />f. Jenis Minuman : Air putih<br />2. Kebutuhan Eliminasi<br />- Sebelum sakit<br />BAK <br />a. Frekuensi : 3-4 x sehari<br />b. Warna : Jernih kekuningan<br />c. Bau : Pesing<br />BAB <br />a. Frekuensi : 1 x sehari<br />b. Warna : Kuning <br />c. Konsistansi : Setengah padat<br />- Sekarang<br />BAK <br />a. Frekuensi : 1 x sehari<br />b. Warna : Jernih kekuningan<br /><br />c. Bau : Pesing<br />BAB <br />Tidak ada perubahan<br />3. Kebutuhan Istirahat<br />- Sebelum sakit<br />a. Tidur Siang : 13.00 - 14.00 Wita<br />b. Tidur Malam : 21.00 - 05.00 Wita<br />- Sekarang<br />Istirahat pada saat tidak merasa nyeri<br />4. Personal Hygiene<br />- Sebelum sakit<br />a. Kebersihan Rambut : Keramas 2-3 x seminggu<br />b. Kebersihan Badan : Mandi 2 x sehari<br />c. Kebersihan gigi mulut : Sikat gigi 2-3 x sehari<br />d. Kebersihan Genetalia : Dicuci setiap setelah BAK dan <br /> BAB<br />e. Kebersihan Pakaian Dalam : Diganti setiap hari setelah mandi<br />f. Kebersihan Kuku : Dipotong setiap kali panjang<br />- Sekarang<br />a. Kebersihan Rambut : Keramas 1 x seminggu<br />b. Kebersihan Badan : Mandi 1 x sehari<br />c. Kebersihan gigi mulut : Sikat gigi 1 x sehari<br />d. Kebersihan Genetalia : Dicuci setiap setelah BAK dan <br /> BAB<br />e. Kebersihan Pakaian Dalam : Diganti setiap hari setelah mandi<br />f. Kebersihan Kuku : Dipotong setiap kali panjang<br /><br />G. Pemeriksaan Fisik :<br />a. Pemeriksaan Fisik Umum<br />1. Keadaan umum pasien lemah<br />2. Kesadaran compos mentis<br />3. Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />a. TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />b. N : 90 x/menit<br />c. S : 37,5 °C<br />d. P : 28 x/menit<br />b. Pemeriksaan Head To Too<br />1. Kepala <br />- Rambut tampak lepek dan tidak rontok serta tidak ada nyeri tekan pada kepala.<br />- Wajah tampak pucat, tidak ada oedema dan nyeri tekan<br />- Konjungtiva nampak pucat dan Sclera tidak ikterus<br />- Tidak ada polip dan secret pada hidung<br />- Mulut nampak bersih, bibir agak pucat dan kering<br />2. Leher<br />Tidak ada pembesaran kelenjar tiroid, kelenjar limfe, dan vena jogularis pada leher.<br />3. Payudara <br />Simetris kiri dan kanan,puting susu terbentuk, tidak ada bekas operasi, tidak ada benjolan dan nyeri tekan <br />4. Abdomen<br />- Tidak ada bekas operasi<br />- Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah <br />5. Ekstremitas <br />- Atas : Tampak terpasang infuse RL 500 ml pada tangan kiri dengan jumlah tetesan 28 tetes/menit<br />- Bawah : simetris kiri dan kanan, tidak ada oedema dan varises.<br />6 Pemeriksaan penunjang <br />- HB : 3,6 gr %<br />- Golongan darah : O<br />- Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 mei 2011 tampak massa tumor pada daerah uterus dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm dengan konsistensi padat. Kenyal dan permukaan rata.<br /><br />Langkah II. Identifikasi Diagnosa / Masalah Aktual<br />Mioma Uteri, Anemia dengan masalah kecemasan<br />1. Mioma Uteri<br />DS : Adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah <br />DO : - Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah. <br />- Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 mei 2011 tampak massa tumor dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm pada daerah miometrium.<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data<br />Adanya massa pada perut bagian bawah dapat dilakukan palpasi pada abdomen yaitu teraba massa pada perut bagian bawah dan didukung dengan adanya hasil pemeriksaan ultrasonografi atau foto polos pada abdomen mengungkapkan pengapuran yang khas atau yang mendukung adanya suatu leimioma dan juga akan melukiskan lesi ini dan membedakan ovarium yang normal dengan leimioma (Moore/Hacker, 2001). <br />2. Anemia<br />DS : - Darah haid tidak seperti biasanya<br />- Mengeluh pusing dan merasa lemah<br />DO : - Konjungtiva Nampak pucat<br />- Hb 3,6 gr%<br />- TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data :<br />- Adanya gangguan perdarahan yang terjadi seperti Hypermenorhoe dan metroragia yang disebabkan miometrium tidak dapat berkontraksi optimal karena adanya sarang mioma diantara serabut miometrium sehingga tidak dapat menjepit pembuluh darah yang melaluinya dengan baik sehingga anemia terjadi. (Winkjosastro H. YBP, 2007)<br />- Adanya pemeriksaan fisik pada konjungtiva nampak pucat didukung dengan adanya keluhan ibu yang sering pusing dan lemah merupakan tanda dan gejala anemia. (Joyce Le Vefer Kee,) <br />- Terjadinya anemia dapat mempengaruhi tanda-tanda vital pada tekanan darah berada dibawah normal yaitu 120/80 mmHg. ( Hanifa,)<br />3. Kecemasan <br />DS : Selalu menanyakan keadaannya<br />DO : Ekspresi wajah Nampak cemas dan gelisah<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data :<br />Timbul kesenjangan antara suatu yang diharapkan dengan kenyataan yang ada yaitu klien mengalami gangguan system reproduksi yang memeberikan dampak psikologis yang tinggi berupa kecemasan.<br />(Potter and Perry, 2006,)<br /><br />Langkah III. Identifikasi Diagnosa / Masalah potensial<br />Potensial Terjadinya Torsi<br /><br />1. Potensial Terjadi Torsi<br />DS : Timbul benjolan sejak sebulan yang lalu<br />DO : - Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah<br />- Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 mei 2011 tampak massa tumor dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm pada miometrium<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data :<br />Adanya sarang mioma yang bertangkai dapat mengalami torsi (putaran tangkai) yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan sirkulasi akut sehingga mengalami nekrosis. Dengan demikian terjadilah sindrom abdomen akut jika torsi terjadi pada perlahan-lahan gangguan akut tidak terjadi. <br />(Winkjosastro H. YBP, SP 2007,)<br /><br /><br />Langkah IV. Tindakan Emergency Dan Kolaborasi<br />1. Kolaborasi dengan dokter untuk melakukan transfuse darah <br />Rasional :<br /> Transfuse darah merupakan langkah tepat yang dilakukan pada klien dengan perdarahan agar tidak terjadi dehidrasi dan syok akibat perdarahan.<br /> Transfuse darah bag I dilakukan pada tanggal 2 mei 2011 jam 18.12 Wita<br />2. Kolaborasi dengan dokter dalam penatalaksanaan pemberian obat.<br />obat antibiotik yaitu cefotaxime/12 jam <br />Rasional :<br />Cefotaxime merupakan obat dalam golongan antibiotic yang mencegah terjadinya infeksi.<br />Skin tes pada tanggal 3 mei 2011 Jam 11.04 Wita <br />Injeksi tanggal 3 mei 2011 Jam 11.10 dan 23.10 Witaa<br /><br />Langkah V. Rencana Tindakan / Intervensi<br />Mioma Uteri, Anemia dengan masalah Kecemasan dan Antisipasi terjadinya torsi<br />Tujuan :<br />1. Mioma Uteri teratasi<br />2. Anemia teratasi<br />3. Kecemasan teratasi<br />4. Tidak terjadi torsi<br />Kriteria :<br />1. Mioma uteri tidak teraba lagi<br />2. Tidak terjadi perdarahan abnormal<br />3. Tidak terjadi nyeri<br />4. Hb dalam batas normal<br />- Perempuan 12-14 gr%<br />- Laki-laki 14-16 gr%<br />5. TTV dalam batas normal<br />a. Tekanan darah<br />- Sistole : 100 – 120 mmHg ( kenaikan tidak > 30 mmHg )<br />- Diastole : 70 – 90 mmHg ( kenaikan tidak > 15 mmHg )<br />b. Nadi : 60 – 80 x / menit<br />c. Suhu : 36.5 – 37.5 °C<br />d. Pernafasan : 16 – 24 x / menit <br />6. Tidak khawatir akan keadannya<br />Intervensi Tanggal 2 Mei 2011, Jam 15.30 Wita<br />1. Beri penjelasan pada ibu tentang keadaannya<br />Rasional :<br />Dengan mengetahui keadaannya, ibu lebih dapat tenang menerima keadaannya dan dapat menjalaninya dengan sabar<br />2. Observasi tanda – tanda vital<br />Rasional :<br />tanda – tanda vital merupakan salah satu indikasi untuk melakukan tindakan selanjutnya<br />(Saleha,S. 2009)<br />3. Observasi cairan infuse RL : DS 5% = 2 :1<br />Rasional :<br />Tubuh membutuhkan cairan dengan jumlah yang cukup, kekurangan cairan dapat meyebabkan dehidrasi<br />4. Observasi jumlah perdarahan<br />Rasional :<br />Dengan mengobservasi perdarahan, petugas dapat mengetahui banyaknya kehilangan darah sehingga petugas kesehatan dapat menentukan tindakan segera yang harus dilakukan<br />5. Anjurkan pasien untuk istirahat<br />Rasional :<br />Istirahat yang cukup dapat memperlancar peredaran darah dan mengurangi kerja jantung<br />6. Anjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi<br />Rasional :<br />Makanan yang tinggi akan karbohidrat dan protein sangat bermanfaat untuk dapat memperoleh energy akibat perdarahan pervaginam yang dialaminya sehingga dapat memperbaiki keadaan umum klien.<br /><br />Langkah VI. Pelaksanaan Rencana Tindakan / Implementasi<br />Tanggal 2 Mei 2011 Jam 16.00 Wita<br />1. Menjelaskan pada ibu tentang keadaannya bahwa dirinya telah menderita mioma Uteri<br />2. Mengobservasi Tanda-tanda Vital Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 90 x/menit<br />S : 37,5 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />3. Mengobservasi cairan infuse RL : DS 5% = 2:1<br />Terpasang cairan RL (btl I) 28 tts<br />4. Mengobservasi jumlah perdarahan<br />Jumlah darah ± 10 cc<br />5. Menganjurkan pasien untuk istirahat<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br />6. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br /><br />Langkah VII. Evaluasi Hasil Asuhan <br />Tanggal 2 Mei 2011 Jam 19.00 Wita<br />1. Mioma Uteri belum teratasi<br />2. Anemia belum teratasi<br />3. Kecemasan teratasi<br />4. Tidak terjadi torsi<br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br /> (SOAP I)<br /><br /><br />Tanggal : 2 Mei 2011<br />No. register : 08 43 83<br />Tanggal/Jam pengkajian : 2 Mei 2011 Jam 15.00 Wita<br /><br />IDENTITAS KLIEN<br />Nama : Nn. “M”<br />Umur : 27 Thn<br />Suku : Mandar<br />Agama : Islam<br />Pendidikan : SMA<br />Pekerjaan : URT<br />Alamat : Desa Galung<br /><br />SUBJEKTIF (S)<br />1. Darah haid tidak seperti biasanya<br />2. Keluhan dirasakan sejak 4 tahun lalu<br />3. Timbul benjolan sejak sebulan yang lalu<br />4. Adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah<br />5. Nyeri pada saat BAK<br />6. Mengeluh pusing dan merasa lemah <br />7. Ekspresi wajah nampak cemas dan gelisah<br />8. Selalu menanyakan keadaannya<br /><br />OBJEKTIF (O)<br />1. Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah.<br />2. Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 Mei 2011,tampak massa tumor pada daerah uterus dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm dengan konsistensi padat. Kenyal dan permukaan rata.<br />3. Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 90 x/menit<br />S : 37,5 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />4. Hb : 3,6 gr%<br />5. Wajah tampak pucat<br />6. Konjungtiva Nampak pucat<br /><br />ASSESSMENT (A)<br />Mioma Uteri, Anemia dengan masalah Kecemasan dan Antisipasi terjadinya torsi<br /><br />PLANNING (P)<br />Tanggal 2 Mei 2011 Jam 16.00 Wita<br />1. Kolaborasi dengan dokter untuk melakukan transfuse darah <br /> Transfuse darah bag I dilakukan pada tanggal 2 Mei 2011 Jam 18.12 Wita<br />2. Menjelaskan pada ibu tentang keadaannya bahwa dirinya telah menderita mioma Uteri<br />3. Mengobservasi Tanda-tanda Vital Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 90 x/menit<br />S : 37,5 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />4. Mengobservasi cairan infuse RL : DS 5% = 2:1<br />Terpasang cairan RL (btl I) 28 tts<br />5. Mengobservasi jumlah perdarahan<br />Jumlah darah ± 10 cc<br />6. Menganjurkan pasien untuk istirahat<br /> Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br />7. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi<br /> Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br /> (SOAP II)<br /><br />Tanggal : 3 Mei 2011<br />No, register : 08 43 83<br />Tanggal/Jam pengkajian : 3 mei 2011 Jam 10.00 Wita<br /><br /><br />SUBJEKTIF (S)<br />1. Darah haid tidak seperti biasanya<br />2. Keluhan dirasakan sejak 4 tahun lalu<br />3. Timbul benjolan sejak sebulan yang lalu<br />4. Adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah<br />5. Nyeri pada saat BAK<br />6. Mengeluh pusing dan merasa lemah <br /><br />OBJEKTIF (O)<br />1. Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah.<br />2. Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 Mei 2011,tampak massa tumor pada daerah uterus dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm dengan konsistensi padat. Kenyal dan permukaan rata.<br />3. Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 80 x/menit<br />S : 37 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />4. Wajah tampak pucat<br />5. Konjungtiva Nampak pucat<br /><br />ASSESSMENT (A)<br />Mioma Uteri, Anemia, dan Antisipasi terjadinya torsi<br />PLANNING (P)<br />Tanggal 3 Mei 2011 Jam 10.40 Wita<br />1. Kolaborasi dengan dokter dalam penatalaksanaan pemberian obat.<br />obat antibiotik yaitu cefotaxime/12 Jam <br />Skin tes pada tanggal 3 Mei 2011 Jam 11.04 Wita<br />Injeksi tanggal 3 Mei 2011 Jam 11.10 Wita dan 23.10 Wita<br />2. Mengobservasi Tanda-tanda Vital:<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 80 x/menit<br />S : 37 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />3. Mengobservasi cairan infuse RL : DS 5% = 2:1<br />Terpasang cairan RL (btl IV) 28 tts<br />4. Mengobservasi jumlah perdarahan<br />Jumlah darahS + 20 cc<br />5. Menganjurkan pasien untuk istirahat<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br />6. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br /> (SOAP III)<br /><br />Tanggal : 4 Mei 2011<br />No, register : 08 43 83<br />Tanggal/Jam pengkajian : 4 mei 2011 Jam 11.30 Wita<br /><br />SUBJEKTIF (S)<br />1. Darah haid tidak seperti biasanya<br />2. Keluhan dirasakan sejak 4 tahun lalu<br />3. Timbul benjolan sejak sebulan yang lalu<br />4. Adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah<br />5. Mengeluh pusing dan merasa lemah <br /><br />OBJEKTIF (O)<br />1. Teraba adanya benjolan pada perut bagian bawah.<br />2. Hasil USG pada tanggal 2 Mei 2011,tampak massa tumor pada daerah uterus dengan ukuran 11,9 x 8,7 x 7,2 cm dengan konsistensi padat. Kenyal dan permukaan rata.<br />3. Tanda - Tanda Vital :<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 80 x/menit<br />S : 37,5 °C<br />P : 24 x/menit<br />4. Wajah tampak pucat<br />5. Konjungtiva Nampak pucat<br />6. Tampak terpasang kateter dengan jumlah urine 100 cc<br />7. Pemeriksaan penunjang tanggal 3 Mei 2011 Jam 21.30 Wita<br />- Hb : 7,2 gr%<br /><br /><br />ASSESSMENT (A)<br />Mioma Uteri, Anemia dan Antisipasi terjadinya torsi<br /><br />PLANNING (P)<br />Tanggal 4 Mei 2011 Jam 12.00 Wita<br />1. Mengobservasi Tanda-tanda Vital:<br />TD : 100/60 mmHg<br />N : 80 x/menit<br />S : 37 °C<br />P : 28 x/menit<br />2. Mengoservasi jumlah perdarahan<br />Jumlah darah + 10 cc<br />3. Memasang transfuse darah<br />Terpasang Bag darah V Jam 12.15 Wita<br />4. Menganjurkan pasien untuk istirahat<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melaksanakannya<br />5. Menganjurkan ibu untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi<br />Ibu mengerti dan mau melakukannya.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-16386903700338011472013-04-06T19:55:00.007-07:002018-12-14T01:58:07.160-08:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN DENGAN ENDOMETRITISASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “F” DENGAN ENDOMETRITIS AKUT<br />
DI RS TK II PELAMONIA MAKASSAR<br />
TANGGAL 5 MARET 2012<br />
<br />
No Register : 20 70 26<br />
Tanggal MRS : 05 Maret 2012 Jam : 10.00 Wita<br />
Tanggal Pengkajian : 05 Maret 2012 Jam : 11.30 Wita<br />
Nama Pengkaji : Nikmaya. Yahya<br />
<br />
A. LANGKAH I. IDENTIFIKASI DATA DASAR <br />
1. Identitas Istri / Suami<br />
Nama : Ny “F” / Tn “D”<br />
Umur : 45thn / 47thn<br />
Nikah : 1x<br />
Suku : Makasaar<br />
Agama : Islam<br />
Pendidikan : SMA / SI<br />
Pekerjaan : IRT / Dep. Keuangan<br />
Alamat : Jln Sumi, Tallo II<br />
2. Data biologis<br />
a. Keluhan Utama <br />
1) ibu mengeluh pedarahan pervagina, nyeri perut serta keputihan<br />
Riwayat keluhan utama : Nyeri perut, pedarahan pervagina serta keputihan mulai dirasakan sejak 2 bulan yang lalu.<br />
2) Sifat keluhan dirasakan hilang timbul.<br />
b. Riwayat Kesehatan<br />
1) Pasien Tidak ada riwayat penyakit jantung, hipertensi dan diabetes mellitus. <br />
2) Tidak pernah di operasi. <br />
3) Tidak ada riwayat alergi, ketergantungan obat-obatan dan minuman beralkohol. <br />
c.Riwayat Kesehatan Keluarga<br />
1) Tidak ada riwayat penyakit turunan. <br />
2) Tidak ada riwayat kehamilan kembar.<br />
d.Riwayat Keluarga Berencana <br />
Ibu menjadi akseptor KB IUD (intra uterine disease) pada tahun 2006<br />
e.Riwayat reproduksi.<br />
1). riwayat haid<br />
a) Menarche: 14 thn<br />
b) Siklus : 28 hari<br />
c) Lama : 1 minggu<br />
2). Riwayat kehamilan<br />
G.VI<br />
f. Riwayat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Dasar<br />
1). Kebutuhan Nutrisi<br />
a) Pola makan : Nasi, sayur dan lauk pauk. <br />
Frekuensi : 2-3 x sehari <br />
b) Nafsu makan : Baik <br />
c) Minum : 6-7 gelas sehari<br />
2). Kebutuhan Eliminasi<br />
a) BAB <br />
(1) Frekuensi :1 x sehari <br />
(2) Warna :kuning kecoklatan <br />
b) BAK <br />
(1) Frekuensi :3-4 x sehari <br />
(2) Warna :Kuning <br />
(3) Konsistensi :Padat <br />
(4) Bau :Amoniak <br />
<br />
3). Pola istirahat / tidur <br />
(1) Tidur siang : pukul 14.00-16.00 Wita <br />
(2) Tidur malam : pukul 22.00-05.00 Wita<br />
4). Personal hygiene<br />
Mandi 2 kali sehari, keramas 3 kali seminggu dan sikat gigi setiap serta mengganti pakaian setiap kali mandi dan apabila basah atau lembab.<br />
3. Data Psikologi, Spiritual dan Ekonomi<br />
a. Hubungan dengan suami serta keluarga harmonis dan bahagia. <br />
b. Ibu sangat cemas dengan keluhan yang dialaminya dan berharap tidak terjadi apa-apa. <br />
c. Pengambil keputusan dalam keluarga adalah suami. <br />
d. Menyerahkan segala keadaanya pada Allah SWT<br />
4. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />
a. Keadaan umum baik <br />
b. Kesadaran composmentis <br />
c. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 130/80 mmHg S : 37,80C <br />
P : 20 x/menit N : 84 x/menit <br />
d. Rambut beruban, tidak mudah rontok, kulit kepala bersih dan tidak berketombe.<br />
e. Muka simetris kiri dan kanan serta tidak oedema.<br />
f. Kongjungtiva merah muda dan sklera mata putih.<br />
g. Mulut tampak bersih, bibir tidak kering, gusi bersih warna merah muda serta tidak ada tanggal dan caries gigi.<br />
h. Tidak ada pembesaran kelenjar thyroid, kelenjar lymfe dan vena jugularis pada leher.<br />
i. Payudara simetris kiri dan kanan, Nampak kendor, tidak ada benjolan dan tidak ada nyeri tekan.<br />
j. Tidak tampak luka bekas operasi dan terasa nyeri tekan pada abdomen.<br />
k. Pada genetalia eksterna tampak pengeluaran lendir.<br />
l. Tidak ada varices dan haemoroid pada anus.<br />
m. Ekstremitas bawah simetris kiri dan kanan, tidak ada varices dan oedema serta refleks patella kiri dan kanan positif.<br />
5. Pemeriksaan Penunjang <br />
Tanggal 5 Maret 2012 Jam 11.30 WITA<br />
Vagina Toucher :Endometritis akut<br />
Ultrasonografi :Endomeritis tetap berbatas pada endometrium<br />
<br />
B. LANGKAH II. MERUMUSKAN DIAGNOSA / MASALAH AKTUAL<br />
1. Diagnosa : Endometritis Akut.<br />
a. Data Subjektif (DS)<br />
1) Ibu mengeluh nyeri perut bagian bawah<br />
2) Ibu mengeluh perdarahan sedikit- sedikit<br />
3) Memasang IUD (intrauterinedisease) pada sejak tahun 2006<br />
4) Ibu mengeluh keputihan<br />
b. Data Objektif (DO)<br />
1) Nyeri tekan abdomen bagian bawah<br />
2) Flour albus positif<br />
3) Fluktus darah positif<br />
Analisa dan interpretasi data<br />
a. Keputihan adalah pengeluaran cairan alat genitalia yang bukan darah, keputihan merupkan manifestasi dari barbagai penayakit kandungan, penyebab keputihan adalah infeksi bakteri, trikomonas vaginalis dan Candida albicans.<br />
(Manuaba dkk. 2012. ilmu bebidanan, penyakit kandungan dan KB Jakarta. halaman 531)<br />
b. Salah satu kekurangan dari pemasangan AKDR(Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim) yaitu gangguan pola menstruasi, nyeri, spotting.(Gabbi A, KB & Kespro. 2006)<br />
c. Endometritis akut merupakan peradangan pada endometrium disebabkan karena bakteri trikomonas vaginalis yang menyebabkan kepuihan yang berlebihan.<br />
(Manuaba. 2008. gawat darurat obgyn. hal 103)<br />
2. Masalah : Kecemasan <br />
a. Data subjektif <br />
Ibu cemas dengan keadaannya. <br />
b. Data objektif <br />
Penyakit endometritis akut menyebabkan kecemasan pada klien.<br />
c. Analisa dan Interpretasi Data <br />
Asietas atau gangguan kecemasan didefenisikan sbagai rasa cemas terhadap suatu ancaman yang diketahui, kecemasan ini disebabkan karena peningkatan hormone norefineprin dan efinefrine yang dilepaskan oleh tubuh sehingga menimbulkan ketidak mampuan untuk mengatasi atau mengalami masalah (petunjuk konsultasi, MIMS, A81).<br />
<br />
C. LANGKAH III. ANTISIPASI DIAGNOSA / MASALAH POTENSIAL<br />
Antisipasi terjadinya Endometritis kronik<br />
1. Data Subjektif<br />
a. Ibu mengeluh nyeri perut bagian bawah<br />
b. Ibu mengeluh perdarahan sedikit- sedikit<br />
c. Ibu mulai memasang memasang IUD (Intra Uterine Didease) sejak tahun 2006<br />
d. Ibu mengeluh keputihan<br />
2. Data Objektif <br />
a. Nyeri tekan abdomen bagian bawah<br />
b. Flour albus positif<br />
c. Fluktus darah positif.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. Analisa dan interpretasi data :<br />
a. Endometritis kronik merupakan kelanjutan dari Endometritis Akut yang barkembang secara bertahap dan menjadi bagian besar dari PID (pelvic implamantori disease)<br />
b. Flour albus merupakan manifestasiklinis dari berbagai infeksi, keganasan atau tumor jinak alat reproduksi.<br />
<br />
D. LANGKAH IV. TINDAKAN SEGERA / KOLABORASI<br />
Kolaborasi dengan petugas radiology untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan USG.(Ultrasonografi)<br />
<br />
E. LANGKAH V. RENCANA ASUHAN KEBIDANAN / INTERVENSI<br />
1. Tujuan :<br />
a. Endomertitis teratasi<br />
b. Keluhan teratasi<br />
2. Kriteria :<br />
a. Keadaan umum klien baik <br />
b. Tanda-tanda vital tetap dalam batas normal<br />
a) TD :systole 100-140 mmHg<br />
diastole 70-90 mmHg <br />
b) Nadi : 60-90 x/menit <br />
c) Suhu : 36-370C <br />
d) Pernafasan : 14 - 24 x/menit<br />
c.Tidak terjadi tanda-tanda mengarah pada Endometritis akut yaitu endometritis meluas keseluruh jaringan.<br />
d. Ibu tampak tenang dan dapat menerima keadaannya.<br />
Rencana tindakan :<br />
1. Sampaikan hasil pemeriksaan dan jelaskan pada klien penyebab Endometritis akut serta harus dirawat dirumah sakit.<br />
Rasional : Dengan menyampaikan hasil pemeriksaan dan penyebab Endometritis akut pada klien, ibu dapat mengerti bahwa ia mengalami penyakit infeksi rahim yang disebabkan oleh microorganisme karena personal hygiene yang kurang serta penyebab lainnya sehinng ibu diharuskan rawat inap.<br />
2. Observasi keadaan umum dan tanda-tanda vital Ibu<br />
Rasional : Dengan memantau keadan umum, kita dapat mengetahui keadaan umum klien dan observasi TTV merupakan indicator dalam penatalaksanaan, karena dengan adanya peningkatan TTV merupakan tanda-tanda infeksi.<br />
3. Kolaborasi dengan petugas radiology untuk pemeriksaan USG (Ultrasonografi) .<br />
Rasional : Pemeriksaan USG untuk memastikan bahwa sampai dimana batas perluasan endometritis pada endometrium dan ada atau tidak tanda-tanda yang mengarah pada keganasan/kronik. sehingga dapat ditentukan suatu diagnosis dan tindakan selanjutnya. <br />
4. Berikan obat analgetik dan antibiotic.<br />
Rasional : Pemberian obat analgetik bertujuan untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri tanpa menghilangkan kesadaran dan antibiotic sebagai ant infeksi serta pemberian obat merupakan pemenuan kebutuhan obat-obatan dalam proses penyembuhan.<br />
5. Beri Health Education tentang :<br />
1) Asupan nutrisi dan intake cairan<br />
Rasional:Dengan gizi yang adekuat dapat meningkatkan metabolism tubuh, sehingga dapat mempertahankan stamia dan mengganti cairan tubuh.<br />
<br />
2) istirahat<br />
Rasional : istirahat / bedress total dengan posisi semi fowler bertujuan untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi.<br />
3) Personal Hygiene<br />
Rasional:Dengan memperhatikan kebersihan diri, khusunya pada daerah intim yang mudah lembab, dapat mencegah pertumbuhan dan penyebaran microorganisme pada alat genitalia dan sekitarnya<br />
6. Pasang infuse RL (Ringer Laktat).<br />
Rasional : Pemenuhan kebutuhan obat-obatan diberikan melalui pembuluh darah vena yakni cefotaxime (antibiotik) untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi yang meluas dan ketorolac sebagai analgetik untuk anti nyeri. Cairan RL (Ringer laktat) bertujuan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan cairan dan nutrisi selama masa perawatan di rumah sakit.<br />
F. LANGKAH VI. PENATALAKSANAAN TINDAKAN ASUHAN KEBIDANAN / IMPLEMENTASI<br />
Tercantum dalam SOAP.<br />
G. LANGKAH VII. EVALUASI<br />
Tercantum dalam SOAP<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
NY “F” DENGAN ENDOMETRITIS AKUT<br />
DI RS TK II PELAMONIA MAKASSAR<br />
TANGGAL 5 MARET 2012<br />
S O A P<br />
<br />
No Register : 20 70 26<br />
Tanggal MRS : 05 Maret 2012 Jam : 10.00 Wita<br />
Tanggal Pengkajian : 05 Maret 2012 Jam : 10.30 Wita<br />
Nama Pengkaji : Nikmaya. Yahya<br />
<br />
A. Identitas Klien <br />
Nama : Ny “F” / Tn “D”<br />
Umur : 45thn / 47thn<br />
Nikah : 1x<br />
Suku : Makasaar<br />
Agama : Islam<br />
Pendidikan : SMA / SI<br />
Pekerjaan : IRT / Dep. Keuangan<br />
Alamat : Jln Sumi, Tallo II<br />
<br />
B. Data Subjektif (DS) <br />
1. ibu mengeluh pedarahan pervagina<br />
2. ibu mengeluh nyeri perut<br />
3.ibu mengeluh keputihan<br />
4.ibu memasang KB IUD sejak tahun 2006<br />
<br />
C. Data Objektife (DO)<br />
1. Pemerikasaan VT (Vagina Toucher) : <br />
a. ibu merasakan nyeri tekan.<br />
b. Nampak bercak darah pada handskun<br />
c. Flour albus positif<br />
d. IUD (Intra uterine disease)<br />
2. Pemeriksaan Ultrasonografi (USG) <br />
Endometritis berbatas pada endometrium<br />
<br />
D. Assesment (A)<br />
Endometritis akut dengan masalah kecemasan, berpotensi terjadinya Endometritis kronik.<br />
<br />
E. Planning (P)<br />
Tanggal 5 Maret 2012 Jam 11.00 Wita<br />
1. Menyampaikan hasil pemeriksaan pada Ibu dan menjelaskan penyebab endometritis akut serta harus dirawat inap<br />
Ibu mengerti tentang penjelasan yang diberikan tentang keadaannya saat ini bahwa kondisinya dalam pengawasan diuktikan dengan ibu dapat menjelaskan kembali alasan rencana perawatan saat ini, yaitu rencaa opname.<br />
2. Mengobservasi keadaan umun dan tanda-tanda vital Ibu <br />
a. Keadaan umum : Compos mentis<br />
b. Tanda-tanda vital :<br />
TD : 130/80 mmHg P : 24 x/menit <br />
S : 37,80C N : 84 x/menit<br />
3. Berkolaborasi dengan petugas radiology untuk pemeriksaan USG (Ultrasonografi)<br />
Endometritis berbatas pada endometrium<br />
4. Penatalaksanaan pemberian obat analgetik dan antibiotic untuk mengatasi nyeri perut dan keputihan berupa:<br />
a. Cefadroxile 500 mg 2x1<br />
b. Asmef 3x1<br />
c. Cefotaxime dan ketorolac 1ampul / 8jam<br />
5. Memberikan Health Education tentang :<br />
a. Asupan nutrisi dan intake cairan<br />
b. Istirahat yang cukup untuk menjaga kondisi dan tirah baring dengan semifowler untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi,<br />
Ibu faham dan akan melkukan posisi tidur yang telah di anjurkan.<br />
6. Memasang infuse RL (Ringer Laktat) botol 1 dengan tetesan 20x/menit di ruang perawatan.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-37080756037527182032013-04-06T19:48:00.000-07:002018-12-14T01:58:54.276-08:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN FIBRIO ADENOMA MAMMAEASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA NY “T” DENGAN<br />
FIBRIO ADENOMA MAMMAE DI RSUD MAJENE<br />
<br />
<br />
A. Step I Identifikasi Data Dasar <br />
No. Reg : 09.38,086<br />
Tgl Masuk /jam : 20 Januari 2013, jam 09.10 Wita<br />
Tgl Pengkajian : 21 Januari 2013, jam 13.00 Wita<br />
<br />
1. Identitas istri / suami<br />
Nama : Ny. ”T” / Tn. “M”<br />
Umur : 25 Tahun / 27 Tahun<br />
Nikah : 1x / ± 2 Tahun<br />
Suku : Mandar<br />
Agama : Islam <br />
Pendidikan : SMA / S1<br />
Pekerjaan : IRT / PNS<br />
Alamat : Tinambung pamboang<br />
<br />
2. Data Biologis / Fisiologi<br />
a. Keluhan Utama<br />
Masuk rumah sakit dengan keluhan nyeri pada bagian payudara apabila tersentuh sjak bulan November 2012 dan terdapat benjolan pada daerah mammae.<br />
b. Riwayat Keluhan Utama<br />
1) Nyeri mammae pada saat disentuh<br />
2) Terdapat benjolan kenyal pada daerah mammae.<br />
<br />
3. Riwayat Kehamilan<br />
1)Pernah melahirkan sebanyak 1 kali tidak pernah abortus.<br />
<br />
4. Riwayat Kesehatan Yang Lalu <br />
a. Ibu tidak pernah menderita penyakit yang serius<br />
b. Tidak ada riwayat keluarga menderita penyakit menular<br />
c. Tidak ada riwayat penyakit keturunan dalam keluarga<br />
d. Ibu tidak ada alergi terhadap makanan dan minuman <br />
e. Ibu tidak ada ketergantungan obat-obatan,jamu,alkohol dan rokok.<br />
<br />
5. Riwayat Reproduksi<br />
<br />
a. Riwayat menstruasi<br />
1) Menarche : 19 Tahun<br />
2) Siklus haid : 28 – 30 Hari<br />
3) Lamanya haid : 7 Hari<br />
4) Dismenorhoe : Ada<br />
b. Riwayat KB : pernah menjadi Akseptor KB hormonal atau KB pil<br />
c. Riwayat ginekologi<br />
1) Ibu tidak pernah menderita penyakit infeksi pada organ reproduksi<br />
d. Riwayat Kehamilan Sekarang<br />
1) Ibu tidak dalam keadaan hamil<br />
2) Ibu baru saja melahirkan anak keduanya 3 bulan yang lalu.<br />
<br />
6. Riwayat Sosial Ekonomi<br />
1) Ibu menikah 1 kali dengan suaminya sekarang dan sudah berlangsung selama 2 tahun.<br />
2) Status ekonomi keluarga mampu<br />
3) Ibu menikah pada umur 23 tahun<br />
7. Pola Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Dasar<br />
a. Kebutuhan nutrisi<br />
1) Pola makan : Nasi, Lauk Pauk, Sayuran<br />
2) Frekensi : 3-4 x sehari<br />
3) Nafsu makan : Baik<br />
4) Minum : ± 6-7 gelas sehari<br />
5) Selama di RS : Tidak ada perubahan<br />
b. Kebutuhan Eliminasi<br />
1) BAK : 3-4 kali perhari, warna kuning,<br />
2) BAB : 1 kali sehari, warna kuning kecoklatan, <br />
konsistensi padat<br />
3) Selama di RS : tidak ada perubahan<br />
c. Personal Hygiene<br />
1) Mandi : 2 kali sehari<br />
2) Gosok Gigi : 3 kali sehari<br />
3) Keramas : 2 Kali seminggu<br />
4) Selama di RS : Tidak ada perubahan<br />
5) Mandi : 1 kali sehari<br />
6) Gosok Gigi : 2 kali sehari<br />
7) Keramas : 1 kali seminggu<br />
4) Istirahat<br />
1) Tidur siang : ± 2 jam/hari (jam 13.30-15.30)<br />
2) Tidur malam : ± 7 jam (pukul 22.00-05.00)<br />
3) Selama di RS : Tidak teratur<br />
<br />
8. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />
a. Keadaan umum ibu baik<br />
b. Kesadaran composmentris<br />
c. TTV <br />
1. TD. : 100/70 mmHg<br />
2. P : 24x/ Menit<br />
3. N : 80x/ Menit<br />
4. S : 37 C<br />
d. Kepala : Tampak bersih, rambut lurus, tidak rontok, tidak ada benjolan dan nyeri tekan<br />
e. Muka : Ekspresi wajah ibu nampak cemas<br />
f. Mata : Konjungtiva merah mudah dan sklera putih<br />
g. Mulut : Bibir kering dan tidak terdapat caries<br />
h. Leher : Tidak ada pembengkakan kelenjer tiroid dan vena jugularis<br />
i. Payudara : Teraba adanya benjolan kenyal dan ibu merasa nyeri pada saat payudara ditekan.<br />
j. Abdomen : Simetris kiri dan kanan,tidak ada nyeri pada saat <br />
di tekan.<br />
k. Genetalia : Tidak ada varises dan oedema pada vulva.<br />
l. Ekstremitas atas : Tampak pada tangan terpasang infus RL 28 tetes/ menit<br />
m. Pemeriksaan dalam ( VT ) : pada tanggal 27 januari 2013, jam 17.15 WITA. <br />
1. Vagina Vulva : Tidak ada kelainan<br />
2. Perineum : Utuh, tidak ada luka<br />
3. Uterus : Miring kearah belakang anogenital <br />
4. Kelenjar bartholini : Tidak ada pembesaran<br />
5. Anus : Tidak ada haemoroid<br />
6. Teraba nyeri tekan, bentuk tidak jelas, benjolan-benjolan kecil pada ligament secro uterinum.<br />
<br />
n. Penelitian Immunologis (RS)<br />
1. Adanya antibody hemaglutinasi terhadap endometrium<br />
2. Adanya CA – 125 antigen.<br />
o. Hasil Tindakan RS<br />
1. Laparoskopi<br />
2. Biopsy<br />
<br />
B. Step II. Identifikasi Diagnosa / Masalah Aktual<br />
Diagnosa : G1 Ao P1 dengan fibrio adenoma mammae<br />
Masalah : Nyeri payudara pada saat di tekan<br />
DS : Ibu merasa nyeri pada patudara saat di tekan.<br />
DO : a. Keadaan umum ibu baik<br />
b. Kesadaran composmentris<br />
c. TTV : TD : 100/70 mmHg P : 24x/ Menit<br />
N : 80x/ Menit S : 37 C<br />
d. Pemeriksaan payudara : Ditemukan benjolan dibagian payudara nyeri payudara.<br />
e. Pemeriksaan dalam : Teraba nyeri tekan, bentuk tidak jelas, benjolan-benjolankenyal pada daerah payudara.<br />
Analisa dan interpretasi data:<br />
1. Penyakit fibrioadenoma adalah penyakit wanita muda dengan frekuensi yang paling tinggi pada wanita yang berumur 20-25 tahun. Menurut Wilson dalam buku Chcistopher-Davis,ada hubungan antara kadar hormone wanita dalam darah dan penyakit ini,karena dapat timbul pada binatang percobaan yang dan isuntikan estrogen. Tumor ini dapat timbul soliter atau multiple,gampang digerakkan, berbentuk licin atau libulatet,sama sekali bebas dari jaringan payudara sekitarnya,dan tidak berubah-ubah besarnya dengan siklus hait.<br />
(Sarwono prawirohardjo,hal:485 Ilmu Kandungan).<br />
<br />
C. Step III. Identifikasi Diagnosa / Masalah Potensial<br />
Potensial terjadinya infertilitas<br />
DS : 1. Klien saat ini memakai KB hormonal berupa pil <br />
2. Merasa khawatir jika dirinya tidak dapat merawat bayinya dengan <br />
baik<br />
DO :1.Keadaan ibu nampak cemas<br />
2. Teraba benjolan licin pada payudara <br />
Analisa dan interprestasi data:<br />
Menurut Wilso wnita muda berusia 20-25 tahun akan sangat beresiko pada penyakit fibrioadenoma mammae itu disebabkan hormone estrogen yang tidak stabil. Dan menurut Rubin kecemasan pada ibu yang sudah bersalin harus ditangani karena dapat berpengaruh pad pertumbuhan bayinya. <br />
<br />
D. Step IV. Antisipasi Perlunya Tindakan Segera/Kolaborasi<br />
1. Kolaborasi dengan dokter spesialis Obstetri & Ginekologi di RS<br />
2. Tindakan pembedahan untuk membuang lesi<br />
3. Tindakan biopsy dan eksisi. <br />
<br />
E. Step V. Rencana Tindakan<br />
Diagnosa :G1A0P1 dengan fibrioadenoma mammae<br />
Masalah : adanya benjolan pada payudara disertai nyeri. <br />
Tujuan : 1. Nyeri teratasi<br />
2. Ekspresi wajah tenang<br />
3. Tidak terjadi infertilitas<br />
Kriteria : 1. Tidak adanya benjolan pada payudara<br />
2. TTV dalam batas normal<br />
3. Ibu bisa merawat bayinya dengan baik.<br />
<br />
Rencana Tindakan :<br />
1. Jelaskan pada ibu seluruh tindakan akan dilakukan <br />
Rasional : Dengan menjelaskan kepada klien tindakan yang akan dilakukan, diharapkan ibu dapat bersikap lebih kooperatif dan menerima prosedur yang akan dilkukan sehingga prosedur tindakan dapat terlaksana dengan baik.<br />
2. Lakukan pemeriksaan payudara<br />
Rasional : dengan pemeriksaan payudara maka kita bisa mendeteksi lebih lanjut tentang penykit ibu.<br />
3. Beri perawatan dan tindakan menurunkan nyeri<br />
Rasional : dengan memberikan pengobatan hormone kombinasi, hormone progestin, untuk membantu memicu terjadinya keadaan an ovulasi.<br />
4. Beri pengobatan hormone kombinasi dan hormone progestin.<br />
Rasional : Dengan memberikan pengobatan hormon kombinasi dan progestin dapat mengontrol pertumbuhan dan fungsi jaringan endometriosis.<br />
5. Observasi tanda-tanda vital<br />
Rasional : Dengan observasi tanda-tanda vital keadaan umum dapat diketahui sehingga memudahkan untuk mengambil keputusan untuk melakukan sesuatu tindakan.<br />
6.Tindakan segera merujuk ke dokter spesialis Obstetri & Ginekologi<br />
Rasional : masih bergantung pada keinginan klien, usia, derajat, yang dialami.<br />
<br />
F. Step VI. Pelaksanaan Tindakan Asuhan Kebidanan<br />
Tanggal : 21 januari 2013, jam 14.00 WITA<br />
1. Menjelaskan pada ibu seluruh tindakan akan dilakukan <br />
Ibu mengerti dan kooperatif terhadap tindakan yang diberikan<br />
2. Mengobservasi tanda-tanda vital<br />
TD : 100/70 MmHg <br />
N : 80 x/m <br />
P : 20 x/m <br />
S : 370C<br />
3. Melakukan pemeriksaan payudara dengan inspekulo/pemeriksaan dalam dan palpasi payudara .<br />
Teraba tumor/benjolan.<br />
4. Memberi perawatan dan tindakan menurunkan nyeri parcetamol 500 mg 3x1/analgesik.<br />
Rasa nyeri berkurang.<br />
5. Memberi pengobatan hormone kombinasi dan hormone progestin.<br />
Keluhan yang dirasakan sudah berkurang.<br />
6. Merujuk klien ke Dokter spesialis Obstetri & Ginekologi.<br />
Klien merasa tenang karna sudah ditangni oleh Dokter.<br />
<br />
G. Step VII. Evaluasi<br />
Tgl 21 januari 2013, jam 11.20 Wita<br />
a. Nyeri berkurang<br />
b. Ekspresi wajah tenang<br />
c. Benjolan pada payudara sudah diangkat dan dikeluarkan<br />
d. TTV dalam batas normal<br />
e. Klien selalu dalam kesadaran bersih sehingga tidak cepat berkontraksi dengan kuman yang dapat menyebabkan terjadiny infeksi<br />
<br />
<br />
PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
TANGGAL 21 JANUARI 2013<br />
( SOAP )<br />
<br />
No. Reg : 09 08 086<br />
Tgl Masuk /jam : 20 Januari 2013, jam 9.10 Wita<br />
Tgl Pengkajian : 21 Januari 2013, jam 13.00 Wita<br />
<br />
A. Subjektif ( S )<br />
1. G1 Ao P1<br />
2. Nyeri payudara<br />
3. Tidak pernah mengkonsumsi obat-obatan,jamu,dan alkohol<br />
<br />
B. Objektif (O)<br />
1. Ekpresi wajah nampak cemas<br />
2. TTV dalam batas normal<br />
3. Pemeriksaan dalam :<br />
a. Keadaan vulva dan vagina tidak ada kelainan<br />
b. Payudara : Miring kearah kanan <br />
c. Teraba nyeri tekan, bentuk tidak jelas, benjolan-benjolan kecil dan lici pada payudara.<br />
<br />
C. Assesment (A)<br />
Diagnosa : G1 P1 Ao, dengan fibrioadenomamammae<br />
Masalah aktual : Nyeri pada daerah payudarai, kecemasan<br />
Masalah potensia : Potensial terjadinya infertilitas.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
D. Planning ( P )<br />
1. Menjelaskan pada ibu seluruh tindakan akan dilakukan <br />
Ibu mengerti dan kooperatif terhadap tindakan yang diberikan<br />
2. Mengobservasi tanda-tanda vital<br />
TD : 100/70 MmHg <br />
N : 80 x/m <br />
P : 20 x/m <br />
S : 370C<br />
3. Melakukan pemeriksaan payudara<br />
Teraba tumor/benjolan.<br />
4. Memberi perawatan dan tindakan menurunkan nyeri parcetamol 500 mg 3x1/analgesik.<br />
Rasa nyeri berkurang.<br />
5. Memberi pengobatan hormone kombinasi dan hormone progestin.<br />
Keluhan yang dirasakan sudah berkurang.<br />
6. Merujuk klien e Dokter spesialis Obstetri & Ginekologi.<br />
Klien merasa tenang karna sudah ditangni oleh Dokter.Iphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-76605828090200545612013-04-06T19:43:00.003-07:002013-04-06T19:44:08.958-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR DENGAN IKTERUS NEONATORUMASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR DENGAN IKTERUS NEONATORUM TERHADAP BAYI Ny. “M” DI PUSKESMAS LEMBANG <br />I. Data Subyektif<br />Pada tanggal 07 Oktober 2007 Jam : 07.30 WIB<br />A. Identitas<br />Nama bayi : Bayi Ny. M<br />Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki<br />Tanggal lahir : 07-10-2007<br />Anak ke : Satu<br />Nama Ibu : Ny. Mardiana. F<br />Umur : 24 tahun<br />Pendidikan : D 3<br />Agama : Islam<br />Pekerjaan : PNS<br />a. Keluhan utama <br />Bayi umur 8 jam dengan, nampak kekuningan didaerah kepala dan leher, facces berwarna seperti dempul, perut membuncit pembasaran pada hati, tidak mau minum dan reflek moro lemah.<br />b. Riwayat Persalinan Sekarang<br />1. Persalinan spontan pervaginam tanggal 07-10-2007 pukul 07.30 WIB.<br />2. Lama persalinan<br />Kala I : 10 Jam<br />Kala II : 30 menit<br />Kala III : 15 menit<br />Kala IV : 2 jam setelah persalinan<br />3. Bayi lahir tanggal 07 Oktober 2007 pukul 07.30 WIB, jenis kelamin laki-laki<br />c. Riwayat Post Partum<br />1. Keadaan umum ibu baik<br />2. TFU 2 jari dibawah pusat<br />3. Lochea : ada, rubra<br />4. Lactasi : ASI keluar sedikit<br />d. Kebutuhan dasar<br />1. Eliminasi : BAB (+), BAK (+)<br />2. Kebersihan : Tubuh bayi bersih<br />B. Data Obyektif<br />1. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />Tanda-tanda vital :<br />Temp : 36,50 C <br />Pols : 120 x/menit<br />PB : 2800 gram<br />BB : 49 cm<br />RR : 44 x/menit<br />a. Kepala<br />UUB : datar UUK : datar<br />Moulage : O Sucadeneum : tidak ada<br />Bentuk kepala : simetris Keadaan tubuh : tidak ada kelainan<br />b. Mata<br />Bentuk mata : simetris Strabismus : tidak ada<br />Pupil mata : Normal Sklera : ikterik<br />Keadaan : bersih<br />c. Hidung<br />Bentuk : simetris<br />Pernafasan cuping hidung : tidak ada<br />Keadaan : bersih<br />Lubang hidung : lengkap<br />Warna kulit : Pucat kekuningan<br />d. Mulut<br />Bentuk : simetris Palatum : normal<br />Refleks hisap : baik Bibir : lengkap atas/bawah<br />Gusi : normal Warna bibir : pucat<br /><br />e. Telinga<br />Posisi : simetris kanan-kiri, dan telinga teraba lunak<br />Keadaan : bersih, tidak ada sumbatan<br />Warna kulit : pucat agak kekuningan<br />f. Leher<br />Pembesaran vena / kelenjar : tidak ada<br />Pergerakan leher : dapat bergerak kekanan-kekiri<br />Warna kulit : kuning<br />g. Dada<br />Posisi : simetris<br />Mamae : Ada<br />h. Perut<br />Posisi : simetris<br />Tali pusat : basah<br />Tidak ada pembesaran dan benjolan<br />i. Punggung bokong<br />Tidak ada benjolan dan tidak terdapat spina bifida<br />j. Ekstrimitas<br />Jari tangan : Lengkap<br />Posisi dan bentuk : Simetris kanan-kiri<br />Jari kaki : Lengkap<br />Pergerakan : Aktif<br />Warna kulit pucat, kuku, tangan dan kaki berwarna agak kekuningan<br />k. Genetalia<br />Lengkap, terdapat testis dan skrotum sudah turun<br />Jenis kelamin : laki-laki<br />Anus : positif, tidak ada sumbatan<br />l. Reflek<br />1. Mencari (rooting) : kurang baik<br />2. Menghisap (sucking) : kurang baik<br />3. Menelan (swalowing) : kurang baik<br />4. Reflek kaki (stapping) : baik<br />5. Menggenggam (graping) : baik<br />6. Reflek morro : baik<br />m. Ukuran antropometri<br />BB : 2800 gram<br />Lingkar kepala : 34 cm<br />TB : 49 cm<br />Lingkar dada : 32 cm<br />Lila : 11 cm<br />2. Pemeriksaan penunjang <br />Pemeriksaan lab, kadar bilirubin serum 100 umol/l<br /><br />II. Interpretasi Data Dasar<br />1. Diagnosa :<br />Bayi baru lahir normal hari pertama dengan ikterus derajat I (pada kepala dan leher).<br />DS : Anak lahir tanggal 07 Oktober 2007 pukul 07.30 WIB<br />DO : Tanda-tanda vital<br />BB : 2800 gram Temp : 36,500 C<br />PB : 49 cm Pols : 120 x/menit<br />RR : 46 x/menit <br />APGAR SCORE : 8-9 <br />2. Masalah<br />a. Penurunan kadar bilirubin<br />Dasar : terdapat warna kuning pada bagian kepala dan leher, hasil pemeriksaan lab kadar bilirubinnya 100 umol/dl<br />b. Perawatan tali pusat<br />Dasar : tali pusat masih basah <br />3. Kebutuhan <br />a. Pemenuhan nutrisi yang adekuat <br />b. Penyinaran pada dengan lampu fluorensi sebanyak 10 buah masing-masing 20 watt dan menjamur/menyinarkan bayi di bawah sinar matahari pagi selama 10-15 menit antara pukul 07.00-08.00 WIB<br />c. Merawat tali pusat agar tetap kering dan membungkusnya dengan kassa steril<br /><br />III. Identifikasi Masalah Potensial<br />1. Potensial terjadinya ikterus pada derajat yang lebih lanjut<br />Dasar : <br />a. Dari hasil pemeriksaan lab didapatkan kadar serum bilirubin indirek 100 umol/l (derajat I)<br />b. Terdapat warna kuning pada daerah muka, leher dan kuku<br />2. Potensial terjadinya pemindahan mikro organisme pada tali pusat <br />Dasar : tali pusat masih basah<br /><br />IV. Identifikasi Tindakan Segera dan Kolaborasi Segera<br />Kolaborasi bila ada komplikasi<br /><br />V. Perencanaan<br />1. Jelaskan pada ibu cara perawatan bayi baru lahir :<br />a. Cara perawatan tali pusat<br />b. Personal hygiene bayi<br />2. Penanganan ikterus :<br />Ajarkan ibu cara menghangatkan/penyinaran bayi dengan sinar matahari di pagi hari untuk menurunkan kadar bilirubin<br />3. Libatkan ibu dalam pemberian ASI eksklusif<br />4. Libatkan ibu dalam imunisasi<br />5. Jelaskan tanda-tanda bahaya pada bayi baru lahir<br />6. Observasi kemajuan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi<br /><br />VI. Implementasi<br />1. Melakukan perawatan tali pusat <br />a. Tali pusat selalu dalam keadaan kering<br />b. Tali pusat harus dibungkus dengan kassa steril <br />c. Kebersihan harus selalu dijaga dengan cara mengganti kasa bila kotor<br /><br />2. Menjaga bayi agar tidak hipotermi <br />Membungkus bagi dengan kain yang bersih, kering dan hangat<br />3. Membantu penurunan kadar bilirubin pada bayi <br />Menghangatkan/melakukan penyinaran pada bayi di bawah sinar matahari di pagi hari selama 15-20 menit antara pukul 07.00 – 08.00 pagi.<br />4. Membantu ibu untuk menyusui bayinya sesegera mungkin<br />5. Memberikan imunisasi hepatitis B ke-1 pada bayi baru lahir<br />6. Menjelaskan tanda-tanda bahaya BBL :<br />a. Warna kulit kuning terutama 24 jam pertama (kulit berwarna biru/pucat).<br />b. Tali pusat merah, bengkak, berbau busuk, keluar cairan atau nanah<br />c. Bayi kejang<br />d. Menghisap lemah, banyak muntah, mengantuk belebihan<br />e. Tidak BAK dan BAB 24 jam pertama<br />7. Melakukan pemantauan bayi baru lahir<br />a. Kemampuan menghisap<br />b. Keaktifan bayi<br />c. Keadaan umum bayi<br /><br />VII. Evaluasi<br />1. Keadaan bayi lebih baik, sklera masih tampak ikterik<br />2. Tali pusat terawat baik<br />3. Bayi dalam kondisi hangat<br />4. Kemampuan menghisap bayi : baik, bayi tampak aktif, warna kulit mulai kemerah-merahan<br />5. Hasil pengukuran antropometri<br />BB : 2900 gram PB : 50 cm LL : 13 cm<br />LK : 34 cm LD : 33 cm<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR<br />DENGAN IKTERUS NEONATORUM TERHADAP<br />BAYI Ny. “M” DI PUSKESMAS LEMBANG<br />Tanggal 10 Oktober 2007 pukul 10.00 WIB, hari ke 3<br />S : a. Ibu mengatakan bayinya sudah mau menyusui<br /> b. Ibu mengatakan bayinyaa sudah sering BAK<br /> c. Ibu mengatakan bayinya sering menangis<br />O : Tanda-tanda vital<br />RR : 45 x/menit BB : 2900 gram<br />Suhu : 37,60 C PB : 50 cm<br />Nadi : 128 x/menit<br />a. Tanda-tanda ikterus sudah berkurang:<br />1. Warna kulit sudah tampak kemerahan<br />2. Sklera masih berwarna kuning<br />3. hasil lab : Kadar bilirubin 60 umol/dl<br />b. Tali pusat sudah layu dan terlihat terawat baik<br />c. Bayi sudah mau menyusui<br />d. Perut bayi tidak kembung<br />e. Eliminasi : BAK 7-8 x/hari<br /> BAB 2-3 x/hari<br />f. Reflek : 1. Mencari (Rooting) : baik<br /> 2. Menghisap (sucking) : baik<br /> 3. Menelan (swallowing) : baik<br /> 4. Reflek kaki (stapping) : baik<br /> 5. Menggenggam (graping) : baik<br /> 6. Reflek moro : baik<br />A : Diagnosa<br />Bayi baru lahir dengan ikterus derajat I<br />Dasar : bayi baru lahir 07 Oktober 2007 dengan apgar 8-9<br />Masalah, untuk sementara tidak ada<br />Kebutuhan : a. Perawatan tali pusat<br /> b. Perawatan bayi sehari-hari<br /> c. Penyuluhan pada ibu dan keluarga tentang :<br />1. Personal hygiene bayi<br />2. Pemberian ASI eksklusif<br />3. Pertahankan suhu tubuh bayi<br />P : 1. Mandikan bayi dengan mandi lap 2 kali sehari<br /> 2. Merawat tali pusat<br /> 3. Berikan penyuluhan pada ibu dan keluarga tentang :<br /> a. Personal hygiene bayi<br /> b. Pemberian ASI eksklusif<br /> c. pertahankan suhu tubuh<br /> 4. Tetap anjurkan ibu untuk menghangatkan bayinya dibawah sinar matahari pagi untuk menurunkan kadar bilirubin.<br />Tanggal 13 Oktober 2007, hari ke-7<br /> 16 jamS : a. Ibu mengatakan bayinya tidak rewel, bayi tidur <br /> 7-8 kali sehari, BAB 2 x seharib. Ibu mengatakan bayinya BAK <br />c. Ibu mengatakan bayinya hanya minum ASI saja setiap jam.<br />O : a. Keadaan umum baik<br />Tanda-tanda vital :<br />RR : 50 x/menit BB : 3100 gram<br />Suhu : 37,20 C PB : 50 cm<br />Nadi : 130 x/menit<br />b. Eliminasi : BAK 7-8 x/hari<br />BAB 2 x/hari<br />c. Reflek : 1. Mencari (Rooting) : baik<br />3. Menghisap (sucking) : baik<br />3. Menelan (swallowing) : baik<br />4. Reflek kaki (stapping) : baik<br />5. Menggenggam (graping) : baik<br />6. Reflek moro : baik<br />d. Warna kulit kemerahan, sklera masih tampak ikterik, tanda-tanda ikterus sudah berkurang<br />e. Tali pusat sudah lepas.<br />A : Diagnosa<br />Bayi baru lahir normal umur 7 hari<br />Dasar : bayi baru lahir normal spontan pervaginam tanggal 07-10-2007<br />Masalah, untuk sementara tidak ada<br />Kebutuhan : a. Perawatan bayi sehari-hari<br />b. Pemberian ASI eksklusif<br />c. Penyuluhan tentang imunisasi<br />P : a. Lakukan perawatan bayi sehari-hari :<br />Mandikan bayi dengan mandi rendam 2 x sehari karena tali pusat sudah puput.<br />b. Sarankan ibu untuk membawa anaknya secara rutin ke posyandu untuk memantau tumbuh kembang bayi.<br />c. Anjurkan ibu untuk memberikan ASI saja sampai usia 6 bulan<br />Tanggal 20 Oktober 2007, hari ke 14<br />S : a. Ibu mengatakan bayi minum ASI dengan kuat<br />b. Ibu mengatakan bayinya hanya minum ASI saja tiap jam<br /> 7-8 kali sehari, BAB 2 x seharic. Ibu mengatakan bayinya BAK <br />O : a. Keadaan umum baik<br />Tanda-tanda vital :<br />RR : 52 x/menit BB : 3100 gram<br />Suhu : 37,00 C PB : 50 cm<br />Nadi : 128 x/menit<br />b. Eliminasi : BAK 7-8 x/hari<br />BAB 2 x/hari<br />c Reflek : 1. Mencari (Rooting) : baik<br />2. Menghisap (sucking) : baik<br />3. Menelan (swallowing) : baik<br />4. Reflek kaki (stapping) : baik<br />5. Menggenggam (graping) : baik<br />6. Reflek moro : baik<br />d. Warna kulit kemerahan, sklera tidak ikterik<br />A : Diagnosa<br />Bayi baru lahir normal umur 14 hari<br />Dasar : bayi baru lahir spontan pervaginam tanggal 07-10-2007<br />Masalah : tidak ada<br />Kebutuhan : a. Perawatan bayi sehari-hari<br />b. Pemberian ASI eksklusif<br />c. Penyuluhan tentang imunisasi<br />P : a. Ajarkan ibu untuk perawatan bayi sehari-hari :<br />1. Mandikan bayi, dengan mandi rendam 2 x sehari<br />2. Anjurkan pada ibu jika terdapat tanda-tanda bahaya :<br />Suhu tinggi, kejang, diare, dan lain-lain segera bawa ke pusat kesehatan<br />b. Anjurkan pada ibu untuk memberikan ASI saja<br />c. Sarankan pada ibu untuk membawa anaknya ke posyandu secara rutin untuk memantau tumbuh kembang bayiIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-29933501673051393262013-04-06T19:40:00.001-07:002013-04-06T19:40:51.335-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA IBU NIFAS DENGAN MASTITISASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA IBU NIFAS DENGAN MASTITIS<br />
TERHADAP Ny. “E” DI RSUD MAJENE<br />
<br />
Tanggal MRS : 28 Oktober 2012, jam 14.20 Wita.<br />
Tanggal pengkajian : 28 Oktober 2012, jam 15.00 Wita. <br />
Nama Mahasiswa : <br />
I. PENGUMPULAN DATA DASAR (tanggal 28 Oktober 2012) <br />
A. Anamnesa <br />
1. Biodata <br />
Nama : Ny. “E” Nama suami : Tn. “C”<br />
Umur : 23 tahun umur : 25 tahun <br />
Pendidikan : SMA Pendidikan : SMA<br />
Suku : Mandar Suku : Mandar<br />
Agama : Islam Agama : Islam <br />
Pekerjaan : IRT Pekerjaan : Wiraswasta<br />
Alamat : Barumbung Alamat : Barumbung<br />
<br />
2. Keluhan utama <br />
Ibu post partum 3 tiga hari yang lalu tanggal 25 Oktober 2012 mengeluh badannya panas, payudara terasa sakit jika di sentuh, bengkak, mengeluarkan ASI sedikit. <br />
<br />
3. Riwayat persalinan <br />
a. Status GPA : G1P0A0<br />
b. Usia kehamilan saat bersalin : 38 minggu <br />
c. ANC : 5 x di BPS <br />
d. Tempat persalinan : BPS ERVINA METRO <br />
e. Ditolong oleh : Bidan Erviana <br />
f. Keadaan ibu dan bayi : Baik <br />
g. cara persalinan : Spontan, pervaginam <br />
i. Anak lahir tanggal : 25 Oktober 2012<br />
Jenis kelamin : Perempuan <br />
BB/PB : 3200 gr/49cm <br />
j. Plasenata <br />
Lahir spontan pukul : 10.25 WIB <br />
Keadaan plasenta : Lengkap <br />
Jumlah perdarahan Kala I : 50 cc blood slym <br />
Kala II : 150 cc <br />
Kala III : 150 cc <br />
Kala IV : 150 cc <br />
500 cc <br />
Jumlah persalinan Kala I : 11 jam <br />
Kala II : 30 menit <br />
Kala III : 20 menit <br />
Kala IV : 2 jam <br />
13 jam 50 menit <br />
4. Pola istirahat dan nutrisi <br />
a. Istirahat<br />
1) Sebelum melahirkan : Ibu mengatakan tidur 8-9 jam sehari <br />
Ibu mengatakan tidur siang 1 jam <br />
2) Sesudah melahirkan : Ibu mengatakan tidur + 6-8 jam sehari <br />
Ibu mengatakan tidur siang 2 jam <br />
b. Nutrisi <br />
1) Sebelum melahirkan : Ibu makan 3 x sehari dengan nasi, lauk, sayur, dengan porsi sedang, ibu minum 6-8 gelas / hari <br />
2) Sesudah melahirkan : Ibu makan 2 x sehari dengan nasi, lauk, sayur, dengan porsi sedang, ibu minum 6-8 gelas / hari <br />
c. Data psikologis <br />
1) Sebelum melahirkan :<br />
a) Ibu merasa takut akan mengahadapi persalinan; apakah persalinannya berjalan lancar <br />
b) Ibu merasa takut tidak bisa merawat anaknya <br />
c) Ibu merasa takut apakah yang akan terjadi pada anaknya setelah keluar dari perutnya<br />
d) Bertanya-tanya dalam hati apakah jenis kelamin anaknya <br />
2) Sesudah melahirkan<br />
a) Ibu merasa lega karena persalinan berjalan dengan lancar <br />
b) Ibu merasa cemas dengan keadaan saat ini <br />
c) Ibu merasa kebutuhan ASI anaknya tidak terpenuhi <br />
d) Ibu merasa kebutuhan gizi anaknya belum terpenuhi <br />
5. Pemeriksaan <br />
a) Pemeriksaan umum <br />
Keadaan umum : Baik <br />
TD : 130/80 mmHg <br />
Pols : 80 x/menit <br />
RR : 20 x/menit <br />
Temp : 38,20C <br />
b) Pemeriksaan fisik <br />
1) Kepala : rambut hitam, kotor, tidak rontok, ada ketombe<br />
2) Muka : tidak ada oedema, conjungtiva merah muda, sclera tidak ikterik <br />
3) Gigi dan mulut: gigi basah, tidak ada caries, mulut bersih, lidah bersih, simetris <br />
4) Telinga : simetris, bersihm tidak ada caries, mulut bersih, lidah bersih<br />
5) Hidung : tidak ada pembesaran dihidung atau polip <br />
6) Leher : tidak ada pembesaran vena jugularis dan kelenjar tiroid<br />
7) Payudara : mamae membesar, jika ditekan nyeri, kerasa memerah, putting menonjol, pengeluaran ASI sedikit <br />
8) Abdomen : tidak terdapat luka operasi, tidak ada pembesaran yang abdomal<br />
TFU pertengahan antara simpisis dan pusat kontraksi uterus baik<br />
9) Genetalia : tidak ada oedema dan varises, pengeluran pervaginam lochea rubra, tidak ada luka bekas jahitan, pada anus tidak terdapat hemoroid.<br />
10) Ekstremitas <br />
Atas : fungsi penggerakan baik, simetris kiri dan kanan, jari-jari tangan lengkap<br />
Bawah : fungsi pergerakan baik, simetris kiri dan kanan tidak ada oedema, tidak ada varises <br />
<br />
II. INTERPRESTASI DATA DASAR <br />
1. Diagnosa<br />
Ibu postpartum hari ke 3 dengan mastitis<br />
Dasar :<br />
a. Payudara membengkak nyeri teraba ada bejol-bejol<br />
b. Suhu tubuh meningkat 38,2oC<br />
c. ASI keluar sedikit <br />
2. Masalah<br />
a. Gangguan pemenuhan ASI <br />
Dasar : <br />
1) ASI keluar sedikit <br />
2) Payudara jika di susukan terasa nyeri <br />
<br />
b. Cemas <br />
Dasar : <br />
1) Payudara ibu bengkak ibu takut terjadi kelainan <br />
2) Ibu mengeluh payudaranya nyeri apalagi saat disusukan <br />
3) Ibu khawatir dengan keadaannya saat ini<br />
4) Ibu merasa kawatir jika anaknya kurang gizi karena ASI yang diberikan tidak adekuat <br />
<br />
c. Gangguan aktivitas <br />
Dasar : <br />
1) Ibu harus di bantu suami saat menyusukan anaknya<br />
2) Ibu harus di bantu suami saat mandi<br />
3) Ibu belum bisa menggendong bayinya sendiri karena merasa payudara nyeri saat ibu mengangkat bayi<br />
<br />
3. Kebutuhan <br />
a. Penyuluhan tentang postnatal breastcare<br />
Dasar :<br />
1) ASI hanya keluar sedikit-sedikit<br />
2) Payudara bengkak<br />
3) Ibu postpartum hari ke-5<br />
4) Ibu kurang mengerti tentang perawatan payudara<br />
b. Konseling tentang teknik <br />
1) Ibu belum tahu cara menyusui yang benar <br />
2) Ibu baru pertama kali menyusui <br />
<br />
III. IDENTIFIKASI DIAGNOSA DAN MASALAH POTENSIAL <br />
Jika mastitis tidak ditangani akan terjadi abses pada payudara<br />
<br />
IV. KEBUTUHAN TERHADAP INTERVENSI DAN KOLABORASI SEGERA <br />
Untuk sementara ini belum memungkinkan tanda-tanda bahaya jika ditemukan tanda-tanda bahaya lakukan rujukan<br />
<br />
V. PERENCANAAN MANAJEMENT <br />
1. Jelaskan pada ibu dan keluarga tentang keadaan ibu saat ini <br />
a. Jelaskan pada ibu bahwa ibu mengalami mastitis yaitu bengkak keras dan nyeri serta merah meradang<br />
b. Ajarkan pada ibu cara mencegah terjadinya mastitis yaitu ibu harus menyusui bayinya tanpa jadwal dan cara menyusui yang benar, melakukan perawatan payudara selam menyusui, ibu harus menggunakan BH yang menyangga<br />
2. Jelaskan pada ibu cara mengurangi rasa nyeri sebelum dan sesudah menyusui yaitu dengan cara :<br />
a. Messase payudara dan ASI di peras dengan tangan sebelum menyusui<br />
b. Basahi putting susu dengan ASI agar bayi mudah untuk menyusui <br />
c. Kompres dingin payudara ibu sebelum menyusui<br />
d. Susukan payudara ibu yang sakit agar ASI lancar dan menurunkan ketegangan pada payudara <br />
e. Pakai BH yang menyangga, gunakan yang menekan <br />
<br />
3. Jelaskan pada ibu cara perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
a. Anjurkan ibu untuk melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
b. Ajarkan pada ibu cara melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui <br />
c. Observasi ibu saat melakukan perawatan payudara<br />
4. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang teknik menyusui yang benar <br />
a. Jelaskan pada ibu pentingnya cara menyusui yang benar <br />
b. Ajarkan pada ibu cara menyusui yang benar <br />
c. Observasi ibu cara menyusui<br />
5. Beri antipiretik dan vitamin untuk mengurangi nyeri <br />
Beri kloklasilin 500 mg dan beri paracetamol 500 mg<br />
<br />
VI. IMPLEMENTASI <br />
1. Menjelaskan pada ibu dan keluarga tentang keadaan ibu saat ini <br />
b. Menjelaskan pada ibu bahwa ibu mengalami mastitis yaitu bengkak keras dan nyeri serta merah meradang<br />
c. Mengajarkan pada ibu cara mencegah terjadinya mastitis yaitu ibu harus menyusui bayinya tanpa jadwal dan cara menyusui yang benar, melakukan perawatan payudara selam menyusui, ibu harus menggunakan BH yang menyangga<br />
2. Menjelaskan pada ibu cara mengurangi rasa nyeri sebelum dan sesudah menyusui yaitu dengan cara :<br />
a. Memessase payudara dan ASI di peras dengan tangan sebelum menyusui<br />
b. Membasahi putting susu dengan ASI agar bayi mudah untuk menyusui <br />
c. Kompres dingin payudara ibu sebelum menyusui<br />
d. Susukan payudara ibu yang sakit agar ASI lancar dan menurunkan ketegangan pada payudara <br />
e. Pakai BH yang menyangga, gunakan yang menekan <br />
3. Jelaskan pada ibu cara perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
a. Menganjurkan ibu untuk melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
b. Mengajarkan pada ibu cara melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui <br />
c. Mengobservasi ibu saat melakukan perawatan payudara<br />
4. Menjelaskan pada ibu tentang teknik menyusui yang benar <br />
a. Menjelaskan pada ibu pentingnya cara menyusui yang benar <br />
b. Mengajarkan pada ibu cara menyusui yang benar <br />
c. Mengobservasi ibu cara menyusui<br />
5. Memberikan obat-obatan antipiretik untuk menghilangkan rasa nyeri <br />
a. Memberikan obat klokasilin 500 mg 6 jam selama 10 hari<br />
b. Memberi paracetamol 500 mg setiap 3 x sehari <br />
<br />
VII. EVALUASI <br />
1. Ibu mengerti keadaanya saat ini<br />
2. Ibu mengerti dengan penjelasan yang diberikan bidan <br />
3. Ibu berjanji akan melakukan atau menjelaskan semua anjuran yang diberikan oleh bidan <br />
4. Ibu bisa melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
5. Ibu bisa melakukan teknik menyusui yang benar <br />
6. Ibu berjanji akan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan yang diberikan <br />
<br />
<br />
PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
SOAP I<br />
<br />
Tanggal 1 November 2012<br />
S : 1. Ibu mengatakan payudara masih sedikit sakit tapi masih teraba keras<br />
2. Ibu mangatakan ASI nya belum lancar<br />
3. Ibu mengatakan badannya sudah tidak panas lagi<br />
<br />
O : 1. Pada perabaan payudara masih agak sedikit keras<br />
2. Keadanaan umum ibu membaik <br />
3. ASI sudah mulai keluar tapi belum lancar <br />
4. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 120/80 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 37,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
5. TFU 3 jari di atas simpisis <br />
6. Ibu sudah bisa berjalan sendiri tanpa bantuan orang lain <br />
7. Ibu BAK : 6-8 x sehari <br />
Ibu BAB : 1 x sehari <br />
8. Pengeluaran pervaginam lochea rubra <br />
<br />
A : Ibu postpartum P1A0 hari ke 7 dengan mastitis <br />
Dasar :<br />
a. Payudara masih sedikit nyeri, keras, teraba benjol-benjol<br />
b. ASI belum lacar<br />
c. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 120/80 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 37,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
P : 1. Jelaskan kondisi ibu saat ini <br />
2. Minta ibu tetap menyusui bayinya<br />
3. Anjurkan ibu untuk melakukan postnatal breastcare <br />
4. Mengajarkan pada ibu teknik menyusui yang benar <br />
5. Anjurkan ibu untuk banyak mengkonsumsi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan <br />
seperti : katu, bayam, pisang dan anjurkan ibu banyak minum <br />
6. Anjurkan pada ibu untuk meneruskan terapi yang diberikan <br />
<br />
Pelaksanaan :<br />
1. Menjelaskan kondisi ibu saat ini <br />
2. Menjelaskan pada ibu tentang menyusui yang benar <br />
3. Menganjurkan pada ibu untuk mengkonsumsi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan <br />
4. Menganjurkan ibu untuk meneruskan terapi <br />
5. Menganjurkan dan mengajarkan ibu cara postnatal breast care<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
SOAP II <br />
Tanggal 4 November 2012<br />
S : 1. Ibu mengatakan payudara sudah tidak nyeri lagi<br />
2. Ibu mengatakan ASInya sudah keluar tapi belum lancar <br />
3. Ibu mengatakan badannya sudah tidak panas <br />
<br />
O : 1. Pada perabaan payudara sudah lunak, karena ibu habis menyusui <br />
2. Keadanaan umum ibu membaik <br />
3. ASI sudah keluar tapi belum lancar <br />
4. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 110/70 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 37,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
5. TFU sudah tidak teraba lagi<br />
6. Ibu sudah bisa berjalan tanpa bantuan orang lain <br />
Ibu sudah bisa mandi sendiri<br />
7. Ibu BAK : 6-8 x sehari <br />
Ibu BAB : 1 x sehari <br />
8. Pengeluaran pervaginam lochea serosa<br />
<br />
A : Ibu postpartum P1A0 hari ke 11 dengan mastitis <br />
Dasar :<br />
a. Payudara teraba keras, nyeri, benjol-benjol, bengkak <br />
b. ASI belum lacar<br />
c. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 110/70 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 37,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
<br />
P : 1. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang keadaanya saat ini <br />
2. Minta ibu untuk menyusui bayinya sampai 6 bulan<br />
3. Anjurkan ibu untuk banyak mengkonsumsi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan <br />
<br />
Pelaksanaan :<br />
1. Menjelaskan pada ibu bahwa kondisinya saat ini baik <br />
2. Mengajurkan pada ibu untuk menyusui bayinya sampai 6 bulan <br />
3. Mengajurkan pada ibu untuk mengkonsumsi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan <br />
<br />
<br />
PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br />
SOAP III<br />
Tanggal 10 November 2012<br />
S : 1. Ibu mengatakan payudara sudah tidak nyeri lagi<br />
2. Ibu mengatakan ASInya sudah keluar tapi belum lancar <br />
3. Ibu mengatakan sekarang dia merasa sehat <br />
O : 1. Pada perabahan payudara teraba lunak, karena ibu habis menyusui bayinya<br />
2. Keadanaan umum ibu baik <br />
3. ASI keluar lancar<br />
4. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 110/70 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 36,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
5. TFU sudah tidak teraba lagi<br />
6. Ibu sudah bisa melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari walaupun tidak semua kegiatan rumah tangga dikerjakan ibu <br />
7. Ibu BAK : 6-8 x sehari <br />
Ibu BAB : 1-2 x sehari <br />
8. Pengeluaran pervaginam lochea alba<br />
<br />
A : Ibu postpartum P1A0 hari ke 17 dengan keadaan payudara ibu membaik dan mastitis sudah teratasi <br />
Dasar :<br />
a. Payudara lunak, payudara sudah tidak nyeri<br />
b. ASI sudah keluar dengan lancar<br />
c. Tanda-tanda vital <br />
TD : 110/70 mmHg<br />
Nadi : 80 x/menit<br />
Suhu : 36,2 oC<br />
RR : 20 x/menit<br />
<br />
P :<br />
1. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang kondisinya saat ini <br />
2. Minta ibu tetap menyusui bayinya sampai 6 bulan<br />
3. Anjurkan ibu untuk tetap mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi, banyak makan sayur dan buah <br />
4. Anjurkan ibu untuk tetap melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui <br />
<br />
Pelaksanaan :<br />
1. Menjelaskan pada ibu bahwa kondisinya saat ini baik <br />
2. Mengajurkan pada ibu untuk menyusui bayinya sampai 6 bulan <br />
3. Mengajurkan pada ibu untuk mengkonsumsi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan serta makanan yang bergizi <br />
4. Menganjurkan ibu untuk tetap melakukan perawatan payudara selama menyusui<br />
5. Menjelaskan pada ibu tentang KBIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-79754736596956349522013-04-06T19:34:00.001-07:002013-04-06T19:34:39.032-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “ S ”AKSEPTOR AKDR DENGAN EROSI PORTIOASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “ S ”AKSEPTOR AKDR DENGAN<br />EROSI PORTIO DI PUSKESMAS BANGGAE I<br />TANGGAL 19 S/D 21 MEI 2010<br /><br /><br />No Regsiter : 121574<br />Tanggal Kunjungan : 19 Mei 2010<br />Tanggal Pengkajian : 19 Mei 2010, Jam : 10. 30 Wita <br /><br />A. LANGKAH I IDENTIFIKASI DATA DASAR<br />1. Identitas Istri/Suami<br />Nama : NY “S” / TN “A”<br />Umur : 29 Th n / 30 Thn<br />Agama : Islam / Islam<br />Pendidikan : SMA / SMA<br />Pekerjaan : IRT / PNS<br />Alamat : Jln. Sudirman<br />2. Data Biologis / Fisiologis<br />a. Keluhan utama : Banyak keputihan dan kadang disertai nyeri dan bercak darah<br />b. Riwayat keluhan :<br />1) Keluhan timbul dirasakan sejak 3 hari yang lalu (16 Mei 2010)<br />2) Sebelumnya ibu tidak pernuh mengalami hal tersebut<br />3) Ibu nampak cemas dan selalu bertanya tentang keadaannya<br />4) Hubungan seksual terakhir dilakukuan 16 Mei 2010<br />c. Riwayat Kesehatan / Penyakit Yang Lalu dan Sekarang<br />1) Tidak ada riwayat penyakit jantung, hipertensi, DM, dan penyakit menular<br />2) Tidak ada riwayat operasi<br />3) Tidak ada riwayat alergi terhadap makanan maupun obat-obatan.<br /><br />d. Riwayat Reproduksi<br />1) Riwayat Haid<br />(a) Manarche : 14 tahun<br />(b) Siklus : 28 – 30 hari<br />(c) Lamanya : 5 – 6 hari<br />(d) Tanpa dismenorhoe<br />2) Riwayat Obstetri<br />(a) PII AO<br />e. Riwayat kehamilan dan Nifas yang lalu<br />1) Anak pertama pada tahun 1992 dengan persalinann spontan PBK, jenis kelamin laki-laki BB : 3200 gram, PB : 50 cm ditolong oleh bidan.<br />2) Anak kedua pada tahun 1998 dengan persalinan spontan PBK, jenis kelamin perempuan BB 3000 gram, PB : 50 cm ditolong oleh bidan.<br />f. Riwayat KB<br />1) Ibu pernah menjadi akseptor KB Suntik selama 4 bulan, berhenti karena sakit kepala.<br />2) Ibu mulai memakai AKDR pada tgl 21-5-2009. Tidak dalam keadaan haid.<br />3) Ibu terakhir haid pada tanggal 26-4-2009<br />4) Ibu mengatakan cemas dengan keadaannya<br />5) Ibu mengatakan tidak pernah mengalami gangguan keputihan yang banyak dan bercampur darah selama memakai AKDR.<br />g. Riwayat Ginekologi<br />1) Ibu tidak pernah mengalami penyakit infeksi pada sistem reproduksi<br />2) Ibu tidak ada riwayat PMS tidak ada gangguan haid.<br />h. Riwayat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Dasar<br />1) Nutrisi <br />(a) Makan 3x sehari, nasi, sayur, lauk pauk serta buah<br />(b) Minum 6 gelas sehari<br />(c) Nafsu makan baik<br /><br /><br />2) Eliminasi <br />(a) BAB I kali sehari<br />(b) BAK 5 – 6 kali sehari<br />3) Personal hygiene<br />(a) Mandi 2x sehari<br />(b) Sikat gigi setiap mandi dan sehabis makan<br />(c) Cuci rambut 3x seminggu<br />(d) Ganti pakaian setiap hari<br />4) Istirahat / Tidur<br />(a) Tidur siang ± 1 jam<br />(b) Tidur malam ± 7 – 8 jam<br />i. Riwayat Psiokologis<br />Ibu cemas dengan keadaannya.<br />j. Pemeriksaan fisik <br />1) Keadaan umum dan tanda-tanda vital<br />(a) Kesadaran : Compesmentis<br />(b) TTV : <br />TD : 110 / 80 mmHg<br />N : 80x / menit<br />P : 20x / menit.<br />S : 36,4 0C<br />(c) BB Sekarang : 53 kg<br />(d) Inspeksi, palpasi<br />• Wajah<br /> Wajah tidak ada oedama dan tidak ada cloasma<br /> Wajah tidak pucat<br /> Ekspresi ibu tampa cemas.<br />• Mata<br /> Konjungtiva merah muda<br /> Sklera berwarna putih<br /><br />• Hidung <br /> Hidung tidak ada kelainan<br /> Tidak ada sekret<br />• Mulut<br /> Tidak ada gigi karies<br /> Tidak ada gigi cabut<br />• Telinga<br /> Simetris kiri dan kanan<br />• Leher<br /> Tidak ada pembesaran kelenjan tyroid<br /> Tidak ada pembesaran vena jugularis<br /> Tidak ada pembesaran kelenjar limfe<br />• Payudara<br /> Semetris kiri dan kanan<br /> Tidak ada nyeri tekan, tidak ada massa atau benjolan<br />• Abdomen<br /> Nampak striae albacan<br /> Tidak ada nyeri tekan<br /> Tidak teraba adanya massa<br />• Vulva, perineum, dan vagina serta portio<br /> Tidak nampak oedama pada vulva<br /> Tidak nampak varices pada vulva<br /> Tidak nampak jaringan parit pada perineum<br />• Pemeriksaan inspekulo<br /> Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur dengan nanah<br /> Nampak portio kemarahan<br /> Tidak ada benjolan pada portio<br /> Nampak benang AKDR yang memiliki jangkah waktu 8 -10 tahun, benang tidak berwarna.<br /><br /><br />B. LANGKAH II IDENTIFIKASI DIAGNOSA<br />1. Diagnosa : Akseptor AKDR Dengan Masalah Erosi Portio dan disertai dengan kecemasan<br />a. Akseptor AKDR<br />Data Subjektif :<br />1) DS : <br /> Ibu mengatakan ingin mengontrol AKDR<br /> Ibu mengatakan menggunakan AKDR Cupper T 380 A<br />2) DO : <br /> Nampak di status rekam medis dan kartu K4 Ibu akseptor<br /> AKDR Cupper T 380 A<br /> Di kartu K4 itu mulai memakai AKDR sejak tgl 21-5-2009<br /> Inspeksi pada portio nampak benang AKDR<br />Analisa dan interpretasi<br />1) AKDR merupakan benda asing dalam rahim sehingga menimbulkan reaksi oleh tubuh dengan timbunan – timbunan leukosit, makrofag, dan lipatan limphosi serta menimbulkan pengeluaran cairan oleh prostaglandin sehingga lendir serviks menjadi kental yang menghalangi kapasitas spermatazoa. (Manuaba, I. B. G, : 1999. Hal 455)<br />2) Salah satu jenis AKDR / IUD adalah Cupper T 380 A, jenis IUD ini dapat menghambat kemampuan sperma ke tuba fallopi, mempengaruhi fertilisasi sebelum ovum mencapai kavum uteri dan terutama AKDR ini berkerja mencegah sperma dan ovum bertemu sehingga tidak terjadi implantasi telur dalam uterus (Hartanto, : 2004 Hal. 207). <br />3) Dari data di atas ibu mengatakan ingin kontrol AKDR serta nampak di status rekam medis dan di kartu K4 ibu akseptor AKDR jenis Cupper T 380 A sejak tanggal 21-5-2009 serta inspeksi pada portio nampak benang AKDR.<br />Hal ini menunjukan ibu adalah akseptor AKDR<br /><br /><br />b. Erosi Portio<br />Data Subjektif<br />1) DS : <br /> keputihan kadang bercampur darah sedikit.Ibu mengatakan banyak pengeluaran<br />2) DO : <br /> Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur dengan nanah.<br /> Nampak portio kemarahan<br />Analisa dan Interpretasi<br />Erosi portio adalah adanya lesin disekitar ostium uteri eksternum suatu daerah berwarnah merah menyalah dan agar mudah berdarah. (Winkjosastro, : 2005 Hal 167).<br />Dari data di atas dimana ibu mengatakan keluar keputihan banyak dan bercampur darah sedikit dan inspeksi terjadi pengikisan pada portio sehingga pembuluh darah dampak jelas dengan merah menyala dan mudah berdarah dan adanya pengeluaran sekret bercampur nanah menunjukkan keadaan ibu tersebut terjadi Erosi Portio.<br />c. Kecemasan<br />Data subjektif<br />1) DS : <br /> Ibu mengatakan khawatir dan mencemaskan selalu keadaannya<br /> Ibu mengatakan tidak pernah mengalami gangguan ini selama memakai AKDR<br />2) DO : <br /> Ekspresi wajah ibu tampak cemas<br /> Ibu selalu bertanya tentang keadaannya<br />Analisa dan interpretasi<br />Ibu yang belum pernah mengalami gangguan ini akan menimbulkan kekhawatiran yang diekspresikan dengan perasaan cemas.<br /><br /><br />C. LANGKAH III IDENTIFIKASI DIAGNOSA / MASALAH POTENSIAL<br />Potensial terjadi : Antisipasi ibu droup out dan servicits<br />a. Droup out AKDR<br />b. Data subjektif<br />1) DS :<br /> Ibu mengatakan tidak pernah mengalami hal tersebut selama menjadi akseptor AKDR<br /> Ibu mengatakan khawatir dengan keadaannya<br /> Ibu pernah menjadi akseptor KB suntik<br /><br />2) DO :<br /> Ibu nampak cemas dan selalu bertanya tentang keadaannya.<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data<br />Sesuai dengan data diatas dimana ibu selalu bertanya-tanya tentang keadaannya dan ibu nampak cemas setelah ditunjang pendidikan ibu yang masih kurang tentang masalah yang dialami dan memungkinkan ibu droup out dari alat kontrasepsi yang digunakan.<br />c. Servicitis<br />Data subjektif<br />1) DS : <br /> Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur dengan nanah <br />2) DO : <br /> Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur dengan nanah<br /> Nampak portio kemerahan.<br /> Nampak benang AKDR yang memiliki jangkah waktu 8-10 tahun<br />Analisa dan interpretasi data<br />Cervicitis disebabkan karena erosi portio adalah keadaan ostium uteri eksternum terjadi pengisikan yang mudah berdarah.<br /><br /><br /><br />D. LANGKAH IV TINDAKAN EMERGENCY / KOLABORASI<br />Kolaborasi dengan dokter dalam pelatalaksanaan pemberian albotil dan pemberi obat<br />1. Lyncopar 3x1 mg<br />2. Ferofort 1x1 mg <br />3. Mefinal 3x1 mg<br /><br />E. LANGKAH V RENCANA TINDAKAN<br />1. Diagnosa : Akseptor AKDR<br />2. Masalah aktual : <br />a. Erosi Portio<br />b. Kecemasan<br />3. Masalah potensial :<br />a. Droup out dari alat kontrasepsi yang digunakan yaitu AKDR<br />b. Servicitis <br />Tujuan : <br />(a) Erosi porsio dengan kecemasan teratasi<br />Kriteria :<br />(a) Klien tidak mengalami erosi portio.<br />(b) Klien tidak mengalami cervicitis.<br />(c) TTV dalam batas normal :<br />TD : 90/60 – 130/90 mmHg N : 60 – 100 x/menit<br />S : 36,5 – 37,5 °C P : 20 – 24 x/menit<br />(d) Ekspresi wajah klien tampak tenang dan ceria<br />Rencana tindakan<br />1. Jelaskan kepada ibu tentang penyebab erosi portio<br />Rasional : dengan penjelasan tentang erosi portio ibu akan bersikap kooperatif dan mau menerima anjuran petugas dan dokter.<br />2. Jelaskan pada ibu tentang :<br />a. Personal hygiene yaitu utamanya pada daerah kewanitaan.<br />Rasional : memberi rasa nyaman dan mencegah terjadi infeksi lebih lanjut<br />b. Gizi yang cukup <br />Rasional : dengan memakan makanan yang cukup gizi membantuh memulihkan stamina dan mengganti sel-sel tubuh yang rusak<br />c. Istirahat dan tidur yang cukup<br />Rasional : istirahat dan tidur yang cukup membuat memulihkan stamina<br />3. Beri dukungan moral <br />Rasional : agar ibu merasa tenang serta kecemasan itu merasa berkurang <br />4. Beri albothyl pada daerah porsio pada portio<br />Rasional : dengan pemberian albothyl akan mempercepat penyembuhan dengan harapan Nekrose epitel silinderis diganti dengan epitel gepeng berlapis banyak<br />5. Penatalaksanaan pemberian obat<br />Rasional : dengan pemberuian obat pada klien agar masalah dapat teratasi dan menjadi sembuh. <br />6. Anjurkan ibu datang kembali untuk kontrol AKDR kapan saja atau setiap ada keluhan<br />Rasional : agar ibu dapat teratasi masalahnya serta meradsa puas dengan pelayanan yang diberikan.<br /><br />F. LANGKAH VI IMPLEMENTASI<br />Tanggal 19 Mei 2010<br />1. Jam 10.30 WIB, Menjelaskan kepada ibu adanya infeksi pada portio<br />2. Jam 10.35 WIB, Memberi penyuluhan tentang<br />a. Personal hygiene yaitu utamanya pakaian dalam menggantinya setiap kali kotor atau basah<br />b. Hasil : ibu bersedia melakukannya<br />c. Gizi yang cukup yaitu yang memenuhi kebutuhan dengan cukup karbohidrat, protein dan vitamin <br />Hasil : ibu bersedia melakukannya<br />d. Istirahat dan tidur yang cukup<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />3. Jam 10.40 WIB, Menberi dukungan moral dengan memberi support dengan menyerahkan diri pada Allah SWT.<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />4. Jam 10.45 WIB, Memberikan albotyl di sekitar Erosio pada portio<br />Hasil : telah diberikan<br />5. Jam 10.50 WIB, Melakukan penatalaksanaan pemberian obat<br />Hasil : pemberian obat :<br /> Lyncopar 3 x 1 untuk infeksi berat yang disebabkan oleh bakteri /streptokokus pneomokokus stafilokokus dan infeksi kulit dan jaringan lunak.<br /> Ferofort 1 x 1 berfungsi untuk mengobati keputihan <br /> Mefinal 3 x 1 berfungsi untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit<br />6. Jam 10.55 WIB, Menganjurkan ibu datang kembali untuk kontrol AKDR atau kapan saja setiap ada keluhan.<br />Hasil : ibu bersedia<br /><br />G. LANGKAH VII EVALUASI<br />Tanggal, 19 Mei 2010, Jam 10.30 WIB<br />1. TTV dalam batas normal yang di tandai dengan TD : 110/80 mmHg, N:80x/menit, P:20x/menit, S:36,40C.<br />2. Sampai tanggal pengkajian klien tidak mengalami Cervicitis dan ibu tidak droup out dari alat kontrasepsi yang digunakan yaitu AKDR Copper T<br />3. Klien lebih tenang dan tampak ceria.<br /><br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “ N ”<br />AKSEPTOR AKDR DENGAN MASALAH EROSI PORTIO<br />DI PUSKESMAS BANGGAE I TANGGAL 19 MEI 2010<br /><br /><br />No . Rekam Medis : 15 67 57<br />Tgl kunjungan : 19 Mei 2009<br />Tgl pengkajian : 19 Mei 2009 Jam 10.30 wita<br /><br />1. Identifikasi istri / suami<br />a. Nama : Ny “S” / Tn”A”<br />b. Umur : 29 Thn / 30 Thn<br />c. Suku : Bugis / Mandar<br />d. Agama : Islam / Islam<br />e. Pendidikan : SMA / SMA<br />f. Pekerjaan : IRT / PNS<br />g. Alamat : Jln. Sudirman<br /><br />2. Data subjektif ( S )<br />a. Ibu mengatakan sakit bagian atas syimphisis banyak keputihan dan kadang disertai darah sedikit<br />b. Keluhan ini dirasakan sejak 3 hari yang lalu (16 mei 2010)<br />c. Ibu bertanya-tanya tentang keadaannya<br />d. Ibu khawatir dengan keadaannya<br />e. Hubungan seksual dilakukan terakhir pada tgl 17 Mei 2010<br />f. Ibu mengatakan ingin kontrol AKDR<br /><br />3. Data Objektif ( O )<br />Keadaan umum dan tanda-tanda vital<br />a. TTV : TD : 110/80 mmHg<br />N : 80x/menit<br />P : 20x/menit<br />S : 36,40C<br />b. BB sekarang : 53 kg<br />c. Ekspresi ibu tampak cemas<br />d. Wajah tidak pucat<br />e. Konjungtiva merah muda, sklrea putih<br />f. Tidak ada oedema pada vulva<br />g. Kondiloma tidak ada<br />h. Pemeriksaan inspekulo<br />1) Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur nanah<br />2) Nampak portio kemerah-merahan<br />3) Nampak benang AKDR<br /><br />4. Assesment ( A )<br />a. Diagnosa : Akseptor AKDR<br />b. Masalah aktual : a. Erosi Porsio<br /> b. Kecemasan<br />c. Masalah potensial : Doup out dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi AKDR dan servicitis<br /><br />5. Planning ( P )<br />Tanggal 19 Mei 2010<br />a. Jam 10.30 witw, Menjelaskan pada ibu penyebab erosi portio, bahwa disebabkan oleh keterpaparan suatu benda pada pemasangan AKDR, hubungan seksual, adanya infeksi dan personal hygiene yang kurang<br />b. Jam 10.35 wita, Memberi penyuluhan tentang<br />1) Personal hygiene yaitu utamanya pakaian dalam menggantinya setiap kali kotor atau basah.<br />Hasil : ibu bersediah melakukannya<br />2) Istirahat dan tidur yang cukup<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />3) Jam 10.40 wita, Memberikan dukungan moral dengan memberi support dengan menyerahkan diri kepada Allah SWT<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />4) Jam 10.45 wita, Memberi albotyl disekitar erosi pada portio<br />Hasil : sudah diberikan<br />5) Jam 10.50 wita, Melakukan penatalaksanaan pemberian obat<br />Hasil : diberikan obat : - Lyncopar 3x1 mg<br /> - Ferofort 1 x 1 mg<br /> - Mefinal 3 x 1 mg<br />6) Jam 10.55 wita, Menganjurkan ibu untuk datang kembali untuk kontrol AKDR atau kapan saja setiap ada keluhan <br />Hasil : ibu bersedia<br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN<br /> NY “S” DENGAN MASALAH ERISI PORTIO<br />DI PUSKESMAS BANGGAE I TANGGAL 20 MEI 2010<br /><br />1. Data Subjektif (S)<br />a. Ibu mengatakan masih sakit bagian atas symphisis dan keputihan berkurang<br />b. Ibu bertanya-tanya tentang keadaannya<br />c. Wajah ibu nampak cemas dengan keadaannya<br />2. Data Objektif (O)<br />a. Keadaan umum dan tanda-tanda vital<br />b. TTV : TD : 110/80 mmHg<br /> N : 80x/menit<br /> P : 20x/menit<br /> S : 36,40C<br />c. BB sekarang : 53 kg<br />d. Ekspresi ibu tampak ceria<br />e. Pemeriksaan inspekulo<br />1. Nampak pengeluaran sekret bercampur nanah<br />2. Nampak portio kemerah-merahan<br />3. Nampak benang AKDR<br />3. Assesment (A)<br />Akseptor AKDR dengan masalah Erosi Portio<br /><br />4. Planning (P)<br />Tanggal 20 Mei 2010<br />a. Jam 10.30 wita, Menjelaskan pada ibu penyebab erosi portio, bahwa disebabkan oleh keterpaparan suatu benda pada pemasangan AKDR, hubungan seksual, adanya infeksi dan personal hygiene yang kurang<br />b. Jam 10.35 wita, Memberi penyuluhan tentang<br />1. Gizi yang cukup yaitu memenuhi kebutuhan dengan cukup karbohidrat, protein dan vitamin.<br />Hasil : ibu bersediah melakukannya<br />2. Istirahat dan tidur yang cukup<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />3. Memberikan dukungan moral dengan memberi supportdengan menyerahkan diri kepada Allah SWT<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />4. Memberi albotyl disekitar erosi pada portio<br />Hasil : sudah diberikan<br />5. Melakukan penatalaksanaan pemberian obat<br />Hasil : diberikan obat : - Lyncopar 3x1 mg<br /> - Ferofort 1 x 1 mg<br /> - Mefinal 3 x 1 mg<br /><br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN NY “S” AKSEPTOR AKDR DENGAN EROSI PORTIO<br />DI PUSKESMAS BANGGAE I TANGGAL 21 MEI 2010<br /><br />1. Data Subjektif (S)<br />a. Ibu mengatakan sakit dibagian atas symphisis sudah berkurang.<br />b. Ibu mengatakan ingin kontrol AKDR <br />2. Data Objektif (O)<br />Keadaan umum dan tanda-tanda vital<br />a. TTV : TD : 110/80 mmHg<br /> N : 80x/menit<br /> P : 20x/menit<br /> S : 36,40C<br />b. BB sekarang : 53 kg<br />c. Ekspresi ibu tampak ceria<br />d. konjungtiva merah muda, sklrea putih<br />e. Pemeriksaan inspekulo<br />- Tidak nampak lagi sekret bercampur nanah<br />- Nampak portio merah mudah<br />- Nampak benang AKDR<br />3. Assesment (A)<br />Akseptor AKDR<br /><br />4. Planning (P)<br />Tanggal 21 Mei 2010<br />a. Memberi mengingat kembali ibu tentang :<br />1. Personal hygiene yaitu utamanya pakaian dalam menggantinya setiap kali kotor atau basah.<br />Hasil : ibu bersediah melakukannya<br />2. Gizi yang cukup yaitu memenuhi kebutuhan dengan cukup karbohidrat, protein dan vitamin.<br />Hasil : ibu bersediah melakukannya<br />3. Istirahat dan tidur yang cukup<br />Hasil : ibu mengerti<br />b. Memberi albotyl disekitar portio<br />Hasil : sudah diberikan albotyl<br />c. Melakukan penatalaksanaan pemberian obat<br />Hasil : diberikan obat : - Lyncopar 3x1 mg<br /> - Ferofort 1 x 1 mg<br /> - Mefinal 3 x 1 mg<br />d. Menganjurkan ibu untuk datang kembali untuk kontrol AKDR atau kapan saja setiap ada keluhan <br />Hasil : ibu bersedia datang terutama ada keluhanIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2591988743839602664.post-11863018233300249772013-04-06T19:23:00.002-07:002013-04-06T19:26:38.652-07:00ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA NY “M” DENGAN ENDOMETRIOSISASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA NY “M”<br />DENGAN ENDOMETRIOSIS<br />DI RSUD MAJENE TAHUN 2010<br /><br /><br />Tanggal Pengkajian : 20 September 2010<br />Waktu : Jam 11.00 WIB<br /><br /><br />LANGKAH I IDENTIFIKASI DATA DASAR<br />A. SUBJEKTIF<br />1. Biodata Istri / Suami<br />Nama (initial) : Ny. M / Tn. F<br />Umur : 21 tahun / 34 tahun<br />Agama : Islam / Islam<br />Suku Bangsa : Jawa / Jawa<br />Pendidikan : SMP / SMA<br />Pekerjaan : Tidak bekerja / Wiraswasta<br />Penghasilan : - / + Rp. 1.200.000,-<br />Alamat : Baurung<br />Tanggal Masuk : 20 September 2010 jam 12.30 WIB<br />No. RM : 19-46-25<br /><br />B. Objektif<br />1. Alasan Datang<br />Ibu datang dengan rujukan bidan<br />2. Keluhan utama<br />Ibu mengatakan perutnya bagian bawah nyeri selama haid berlangsung. <br />3. Riwayat Obstetric dan ginekologi<br />a. Riwayat kehamilan, persalinan, dan nifas yang lalu<br /><br /><br />Ke Umur kehamilan Jenis persalinan Penolong persalinan Nifas Keadaan anak<br /> spontan Tindakan op kontraksi Laktasi perdarahan hidup meninggal<br /> umur Jk Umur Jk sebab<br />1. 9 bulan √ - - Bidan √ √ - 30 hr <br />- - -<br />b. Riwayat kehamilan sekarang<br /> G: I P: 0 A: 0<br /> ANC : TM I : 2 kali di BPS oleh Bidan <br /> TM II : 3 kali di BPS oleh Bidan<br /> TM III : 4 kali di BPS oleh Bidan<br /> Imunisasi TT I : 1x Tanggal : 20 Desember 2009<br /> TT II : 1x Tanggal : 15 Februari 2010<br /> Keluhan T.M I : Mual, Muntah<br /> Terapi yang diberikan : B6,Asam folat<br /> Nasehat yang diberikan : Makan sedikit tapi sering<br /> Keluhan TM II : Tidak ada<br /> Terapi yang diberikan : Fe, Vit C <br /> Nasehat yang diberikan : Makan makanan bergizi<br /> Keluhan TM III : Tidak ada<br /> Terapi yang diberikan : Fe, Vit C <br /> Nasehat yang diberikan : Makan-makanan bergizi, istirahat cukup<br />c. Riwayat persalinan sekarang<br />1. Waktu persalinan : tanggal 20 Agustus 2010 jam : 01.05 WIB<br />2. Jenis Persalinan : spontan, presentasi kepala<br />3. Penyulit waktu persalinan : tidak ada<br />4. Ketuban pecah jam : 00.50 WIB<br />- Warna : keruh<br />- Bau : khas<br />5. Bayi lahir jam : 01.05 WIB<br />Berat Badan : 3200 gr<br />Jenis kelamin : laki – laki<br />Cacat : tidak ada<br /><br />4. Riwayat Kesehatan<br />a. Penyakit yang pernah diderita<br />Ibu mengatakan tidak pernah menderita penyakit infeksi seperti asma,demam lebih dari 3 hari, kencing manis, darah tinggi dan penyakit yang dioperasi.<br />b. Kesehatan ibu sekarang<br />Ibu mengatakan saat ini merasa perut bagian bawah nyeri dan ibu hanya mengkonsumsi feminak namun belum sembuh.<br />c. Kesehatan keluarga<br />Ibu mengatakan dalam keluarganya tidak ada yang menderita penyakit seperti asma, demam lebih dari 3 hari, darah tinggi, kencing manis dan penyakit yang dioperasi serta tidak ada keturunan kembar.<br />5. Kebiasaan <br />• Pantang makan : ada yaitu mutih<br />• Minum jamu : ibu minum jamu lancar ASI selama nifas<br />• Obat-obatan : feminax<br />• Miras/rokok : tidak<br />• Memelihara binatang : tidak<br />6. Riwayat Obstetri<br />a. Riwayat Haid<br />• Menarche : 13 th<br />• Siklus/teratur : Teratur/28 hari<br />• Lama/jumlah : 6 hari/3xganti pembalut <br />• Dysmenorhea : selama haid<br />• Fluor Albus : Ada<br />- Warna : putih<br />- Bau : tidak<br />- Lamanya : 3 hari sebelum haid<br />- Gatal : Tidak<br />• HPHT : 20 November 2009<br />• HPL : 27 Agustus 2010<br />• Umur kehamilan : 39 minggu <br />b. Riwayat penggunan kontrasepsi<br />• Ibu mengatakan belum pernah menggunakan alat kontrasepsi apapun.<br />• Rencana yang akan datang : Ibu mengatakan ingin memakai KB suntik 3 bulan.<br />• Alasan : lebih praktis.<br />7. Kebutuhan sehari-hari<br />Pola Hamil Sekarang<br />a. Nutrisi <br />- Makan<br />- Porsi<br />- Jenis<br />- Macam<br />- Gangguan<br />- Minum<br />- Jenis<br />- Gangguan 3x sehari<br />Sedang<br />Nasi, sayur, lauk<br />Bervariasi<br />Tidak ada<br />±6 gelas per hari<br />Air putih, teh<br />Tidak ada Jam 17.00 WIB makan nasi<br />½ piring habis<br />Nasi, sayur, lauk<br />Bervariasi<br />Tidak ada<br />Jam 19.50 WIB ±1 gelas<br />Teh hangat<br />Tidak ada<br />b. Eliminasi<br />- BAB<br />- Warna<br />- Konsistensi<br />- Gangguan<br />- BAK<br />- Warna<br />- Gangguan 1x sehari<br />Kuning kecoklatan<br />Lembek<br />Tidak ada<br />5-6 x/hari<br />Kuning jernih<br />Tidak ada Jam 04.00 WIB<br />kuning<br />lembek<br />nyeri <br />jam 20.15 WIB <br />Kuning jernih<br />Tidak ada<br />c. Istirahat<br />- Siang<br />- Malam<br />- Gangguan ± 2 jam<br />± 8 jam<br />Tidak ada -<br />± 4 jam<br />Perut bagian bawah nyeri.<br />d. aktivitas Ibu mengatakan mengerjakan pekerjaan ibu rumah tangga seperti mencuci, menyapu, memasak dan menyetrika. Ibu mengatakan hanya berbaring miring dan tidur setengah duduk di tempat tidur.<br />e. Personal Hygiene<br />- Mandi<br />- Keramas<br />- Gosok gigi<br />- Ganti baju 2x/hari<br />3x/minggu<br />2x/hari<br />2x/hari Jam 07.00 WIB<br />1 hari yang lalu<br />2x/hari<br />Ganti bila basah atau kotor.<br /><br />f. Seksual<br />- Frekuensi<br />- Gangguan 3x/minggu<br />Tidak ada 1 minggu yang lalu<br />Nyeri saat hubungan seksual<br />8. Data Psikologi<br />• Status yang dikandung : Sah<br />• Tanggapan ibu atas kehamilannya : Ibu merasa senang dengan kelahiran anaknya.<br />• Tanggapan suami dan keluarga : Suami dan keluarga merasa senang dengan kelahiran anaknya.<br />• Kesiapan mental ibu : Ibu akan merawat anaknya dengan baik.<br />9. Data Sosial Ekonomi<br />• Penghasilan : Tetap<br />• Tanggung jawab perekonomian : Suami<br />• Pengambilan keputusan : Suami dan keluarga<br />10. Data perkawinan<br />• Status perkawinan : Sah <br />• Perkawinan ke- : Pertama <br />• Lama perkawinan : ± 1 tahun<br />11. Data Spiritual<br />Ibu mengatakan biasa melakukan sholat 5 waktu dan mengikuti pengajian rutin tiap minggunya.<br />12. Data Sosial Budaya<br />Ibu mengatakan masih ada budaya pantangan makanan seperti mutih selama masa nifas <br />13. Data Pengetahuan Ibu<br />Ibu mengatakan sudah mengerti tentang merawat kebersihan kelamin, dan ibu sudah tau bahwa bayinya membutuhkannya untuk selalu disusui dan ibu sudah mengetahui tentang perawatan tali pusat.<br /><br />Langkah II. Identifikasi Diagnosa/Masalah Aktual<br />Ny. M, Umur 21 tahun, PIA0, 30 hari post partum, dengan endometriosis<br />1. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />a. Kesadaran : Composmentis<br />b. Keadaan Umum : Sedang<br />c. Tanda Vital : Tensi : 130/80mmHg Nadi : 90x/Menit<br /> Suhu : 37,3 ºC RR : 26x/Menit<br />d. Tinggi badan : 150 cm<br />e. Berat badan : Sebelum hamil : 40 kg<br /> setelah hamil : TM I : 41 kg<br /> TM II : 45 kg<br /> TM III : 50 kg<br />f. LILA : 22,5 cm<br />g. Status Present<br />- Kepala – muka<br />• Kepala : Mesosefal, bersih, tidak ada luka, tidak benjolan<br />• Rambut : Bersih, tidak ada ketombe, tidak mudah rontok<br />• Muka : tidak pucat <br />• Mata : Simetris, konjungtiva pucat, sklera tidak ikterik<br />• Hidung : Bersih, tidak ada sekret, tidak ada polip<br />• Mulut/bibir : Kotor, tidak ada stomatitis, lidah kotor<br />• Telinga : Simetris, tidak ada serumen<br />- Leher : Tidak pembesaran kelenjar tiroid dan kelenjar limfe<br />- Aksila : Tidak ada pembesaran kelenjar limfe<br />- Dada : Pernafasan teratur, tidak ada bunyi mengi, tidak ada retraksi dinding dada.<br />- Abdomen : Tidak ada luka bekas operasi, tidak ada pembesaran hepar.<br />- Genetalia : Tidak oedam, tidak ada varises<br />- Anus : Tidak ada hemoroid<br />- Ekstremitas atas : teraba dingin, agak pucat, tidak oedem, turgor kulit kurang, Ekstremitas bawah: teraba dingin, agak pucat, tidak varises, tidak oedem, turgor kurang<br />2. Pemeriksaan Obstetri<br />a. Inspeksi<br />• Muka : Tidak ada cloasma gravidarum<br />• Mamae : Membesar, puting susu menonjol, areola mamae ASI sudah keluar lancar, kebersihan terjaga<br />• Abdomen : tidak ada luka operasi, TFU tidak teraba, ada nyeri tekan pada bagian adnexa dan terdapat masa keras terfiksasi.<br />• Genetalia : terdapat spotting<br />3. Pemeriksaan Penunjang<br />a. Pemeriksaan laboratorium : Hb : 12,1 g/dL <br />GD : O<br />b. Pemeriksaan Rontgen : -<br />c. USG : tampak masa seperti kista pada ovarium dextra<br /><br />Langkah III. Merumuskan Diagnosa/Masalah Potensial<br />Ny. M, Umur 21 tahun, PIA0, 30 hari post partum, dengan endometriosis<br />DIAGNOSA POTENSIAL<br /> Infertilitas<br /> Infeksi abdomen<br /><br />Langkah IV. Tindakan segera/Kolaborasi<br />1. Tindakan pembedakan untuk membuang lesi<br />2. Tindakan pembedahan lengkap seperti histerektomi dan ooferoktomi<br /><br />Langkah V. Rencana Tindakan Asuhan Kebidanan<br />1. Lakukan pemeriksaan panggul + abdomen<br />Rasional : Dengan pemeriksaan panggul dan abdomen dapat segera terdeteksi kearah endometrisosis<br />2. Beri perawatan dan tindakan menurunkan nyeri<br />Rasional : Dengan memberikan pengobatan hormone kombinasi, hormone progestin, untuk membantu memicu terjadinya keadaan an ovulasi<br />3. Tindakan segera (di RS) / merujuk RS<br />4. Rasional : Masih bergantung pada keinginan klien, usia, derajat, yang dialami.<br /><br />Langkah VI. Pelaksanaan Tindakan Asuhan Kebidanan<br />1. Melakukan pemeriksaan panggul dengan inspekulo/pemeriksaan dalam dan palpasi abdomen<br />2. Memberi perawatan dan tindakan menurunkan nyeri parcetamol 500 mg 3x1/analgesik<br />3. Memberi pengobatan hormone kombinasi dan hormone progestin<br />4. Merujuk klien ke RS<br /><br />Langkah VII. Evaluasi Asuhan Kebidanan<br />1. Memberitahu ibu hasil pemeriksaan yaitu :<br />• TTV : Tensi : 130/80mmHg Nadi : 90x/Menit<br /> Suhu : 37,3 ºC RR : 26x/Menit<br />• Abdomen : tidak ada luka operasi, TFU tidak teraba, ada nyeri tekan pada bagian adnexa dan terdapat masa keras terfiksasi.<br />• USG : tampak masa seperti kista pada ovarium dextra<br />Evaluasi : ibu sudah mengetahui hasil pemeriksaan<br />2. Memberitahu ibu bahwa nyeri yang dirasakan ibu pada perut bagian bawah karena terdapat benjolan pada indung telur yang terpengaruh oleh hormon dalam tubuh ibu.<br />Evaluasi : ibu mengerti dan memahami penjelasan bidan<br />3. Memberikan ibu rasa nyaman dengan menganjurkan ibu untuk bedreast dan memberikan kompres hangat pada perut bagian bawah untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri<br />Evaluasi : ibu merasa nyerinya mulai berkurang<br />4. Melakukan kolaborasi dengan dokter Sp.OG dengan advis :<br />• Pemberian cairan elektrolit : RL 500 ml dengan 20 tetes/menit<br />• Pemberian terapi sementara : <br />a. Amoxilin 500mg 3x1<br />b. Asam mefenamat 500mg 3x1<br />c. Ctm 4mg 3x1<br />• Persiapan laparatomi<br />Evaluasi : advis telah dilakukan <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PENDOKUMENTASIAN HASIL ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA NY “M”<br />DENGAN ENDOMETRIOSIS DI RSUD MAJENE TAHUN 2010<br />(SOAP)<br /><br /><br />Tanggal Pengkajian : 20 September 2010<br />Waktu : Jam 11.00 WIB<br /><br />Biodata Istri / Suami<br /><br />Nama (initial) : Ny. M / Tn. F<br />Umur : 21 tahun / 34 tahun<br />Agama : Islam / Islam<br />Suku Bangsa : Jawa / Jawa<br />Pendidikan : SMP / SMA<br />Pekerjaan : Tidak bekerja / Wiraswasta<br />Penghasilan : - / + Rp. 1.200.000,-<br />Alamat : Baurung<br />Tanggal Masuk : 20 September 2010 jam 12.30 WIB<br />No. RM : 19-46-25<br /><br />SUBJEKTIF (S)<br />1. Ibu mengatakan masih nyeri namun mulai berkurang <br /><br />OBJEKTIF (O)<br />Telah dilakukan laparatomi (tanggal : 21 september 2010, jam 09.00 WIB) Ibu dalam kondisi sadar dengan TTV :<br />Tensi : 120/80mmHg Nadi : 88x/Menit<br />Suhu : 37 ºC RR : 20x/Menit<br /><br />ASSESSMENT (A)<br />Ny. M, Umur 21 tahun, PIA0, 30 hari post partum, dengan post laparatomi endometriosis <br /><br /><br /><br />PLANNING (P)<br />Tanggal : 21 September 2010<br />Jam : 11. 40 WIB <br />1. Memberitahu ibu bahwa telah dilakukan pengangkatan jaringan pada indung telur berupa benjolan kebiruan menyerupai kista<br />Evaluasi : ibu mengerti kondisinya saat ini <br />2. Melanjutkan pemberian terapi antibiotik dan analgetik selama masa penyembuhan untuk mengurangi infeksi dan rasa nyeri.<br />Evaluasi : terapi telah diberikan<br />3. Pemberian terapi hormonal berupa : progesteron ( premolut ) untuk mengontrol hormon sehingga fungsi endometrium kembali seperti semula sesuai advis dokter.<br />Evaluasi : advis dokter telah diberikan<br />4. Menganjurkan ibu untuk tetap kontrol setelah ibu pulang dan pesankan pada ibu untuk segera periksa jika menemui keluahan serupa <br />Evaluasi : ibu mengerti pesan yang disampaikanIphinkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02074496880554835119noreply@blogger.com0